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Agarwood (Chenxiang), Qinggui Xiang, Jigu Xiang, Matixiang, and Zhanxiang all originate from the same tree. Previously, the specific provinces and regions of their origin were not recorded. Currently, they are only found in various countries south of the Hainan Sea, as well as in Jiaozhou, Guangzhou, and Yazhou. The wood resembles that of Toona sinensis (Chun) or Zelkova schneideriana (Ju), has many knots, leaves resemble those of citrus, flowers are white, fruits resemble Areca nut (Binglang), are as large as mulberry berries, purple in color, and have a pungent taste. People in Jiaozhou call it Mixiang (Honey Fragrance). To harvest it, one first cuts off the roots of old trees aged several years. After a year, the outer bark and dried parts rot away completely. The heartwood and branches/joints that remain unspoiled constitute the fragrant wood; fine branches that are dense and solid without rotting are called Qinggui Xiang; hard, black wood that sinks in water is called Agarwood (Chenxiang); wood that floats half-submerged level with the water surface is called Jigu Xiang (Chicken Bone Fragrance); the coarsest variety is called Zhanxiang; it is also said that within Zhanxiang, pieces shaped like chicken bones are referred to as Jigu Xiang. Pieces shaped like horse hooves are called Matixiang. However, some people today obtain high-quality Agarwood that often takes the shape of chicken bones, so it is not necessarily exclusively Zhanxiang. The coarsest varieties, unsuitable for medicinal use, are called Shengjie Huangshu Xiang (Raw Knot Yellow-Ripened Fragrance). Essentially, they are the same substance, differing only in refinement and coarseness. They can be harvested at any time. *Lingbiao Luyi* states: Luozhou in the Guang administration area produces much Zhanxiang, resembling Guiliu trees, with abundant white flowers. The bark can be used to make paper, known as "Xiangpi Paper" (Fragrant Skin Paper). It is grayish-white with patterns resembling fish roe. Its texture is slow and weak; it disintegrates upon contact with water, inferior to Zhuzhi paper, and lacks fragrance. It further states that although this fragrant wood shares the same source as Agarwood, Jigu Xiang, and Huangshu Xiang, the roots, trunks, branches, and joints are distinct, which explains the differentiation. Indeed, this fragrant wood exhibits the greatest variety of strange forms. Therefore, Xiang Ding wrote *Tianxiang Zhuan* (Record of Heavenly Fragrance) while in Hainan, describing them exhaustively. He noted that the four types of fragrances share four names and twelve forms, all originating from one tree. The wood body resembles Populus alba (White Poplar), and the leaves resemble Ilex cornuta (Holly) but are smaller. He described the origins as Douzhou, Huazhou, Gaozhou, and Leizhou, which are places in China where fragrant wood is produced. Their quality differs significantly from those produced in Hainan. Since the natural endowments differ, and there are many sellers but urgent buyers, Huangshu Xiang is harvested before it matures, and Zhanxiang/Chenxiang are taken without careful distinction. This reflects deep harm caused by the pursuit of profit. In contrast, the Li people of Qiongguan do not arbitrarily cut down trees out of season. Thus, the trees suffer no premature death, and the obtained wood is invariably rare fragrance. These are facts.

Furthermore, Olibanum (Xunlu Xiang) resembles white gum resin and originates from Tianzhu (India) and Chanyu countries. *Nanfang Caomu Zhuang* states that Xunlu Xiang comes from Daqin (Rome). The tree grows on sandy shores by the sea. In midsummer, tree gum exudes onto the sand. Local people collect it and sell it to merchants. Rushang Xiang (Frankincense) is of the same category. *Guangzhi* states: Pine resin from the Southern Persian Kingdom, which is purple-red like cherries, is named Rushang Xiang, likely a type of Xunlu Xiang. Nowadays, people no longer distinguish Xunlu Xiang, generally referring to Rushang Xiang as Xunlu Xiang. It treats Kidney Qi, tonifies the waist and knees, manages Huoluan (cholera-like syndrome with vomiting and diarrhea), expels malicious evil qi, and treats Wuzhu (five fixed pathogens). It is widely used in blood-regulating, pain-relieving medicines, and ointments. However, it is extremely sticky and difficult to grind. When using it, hang it in a silk bag in a window crevice for a long time, then take it out to grind; it will no longer stick.

Jishe Xiang (Chicken Tongue Fragrance) originates from Kunlun and areas south of Jiaoai. Its branches, leaves, and bark resemble chestnut trees. Flowers resemble plum blossoms, and seeds resemble jujube pits. This is the female tree; the male tree bears flowers but no fruit. Flowers are collected and fermented to produce fragrance. According to various historical texts, some say it is the flower of the Agarwood tree, others say it is a herbaceous flower that grows as a vine, with mature fruits strung together. The theories are inconsistent. Modern physicians offer another explanation: citing *Sansheng Gushi* (Stories of the Three Departments), Secretaries of the Department of State Affairs held Jishe Xiang in their mouths because when presenting memorials and responding to inquiries, they wished their breath to be fragrant. Consequently, medical formulas use Jishe Xiang to treat halitosis (bad breath), based on this rationale. Today, people often find woody seeds resembling jujube pits within Rushang Xiang and mistake them for Jishe Xiang. These are hard, stubborn, dry, devoid of scent, and emit no fragrance when burned. It is unclear how they acquired the name "fragrance," as they lack any aromatic quality.

Additionally, Ge Zhichuan's *Baibei Fang* contains a prescription for sudden Qi stagnation causing stabbing heart pain: grind Jishe Xiang and administer with wine, which should cure the condition. Many modern formulas for regulating Qi borrow the name Jishe Xiang, precisely because Jishe Xiang is effective in treating Qi disorders. Using it merely for Qi disorders or halitosis seems quite negligent. What is the reasoning? Those who claim it is made from fermented flowers are no longer seen. If such fragrance truly existed, maritime merchants would have encountered it; it should not be completely extinct. Some old doctors in the capital claim that Jishe Xiang and Dingxiang (Clove) are of the same species, with clustered flowers and fruits. The largest in the center is called Jishe Xiang. When broken, it has grain resembling a chicken tongue. This is actually Mother Clove (Mu Dingxiang), which is best for treating halitosis and effective for Qi disorders. This view likely stems from Chen Shi's *Shiyi*, though its accuracy is uncertain. *Qianjin Fang* treats carbuncles and sores with Lianqiao Wuxiang Tang, using Dingxiang; one variant uses Jishe Xiang, suggesting proximity between them. *Baopuzi* states: Decoct Jishe Xiang, Huanglian (Coptis Rhizome), and milk, then apply drops. Any hundred rashes in the eyes will heal, and vision will become exceptionally sharp.

Zhantang Xiang originates from areas south of Jiaozhou and Guangzhou. The tree resembles citrus. Leaves and branches are decocted to make fragrance. It is often mixed with bark and insect debris. Pure and good quality is rare. It was frequently used in Tang dynasty formulas but is rarely seen today.

Regarding Suhexiang (Styrax), the entry states it grows in valleys of Zhongtai. Su Gong says: This fragrance comes from the Western Regions and Kunlun. It is purple, similar to genuine Sandalwood (Zitan) but solid and extremely fragrant. The resin resembles stone; when burned, ash that is white indicates good quality. Such items are no longer seen. Although found in Guangnan, it resembles Sappanwood (Sumu) and lacks fragrance. Medicinally, only the paste/oil form is used, which is intensely aromatic. Tao Hongjing considered it Shizi Shi (Lion Dung), referring specifically to this paste/oil form. However, Shizi Shi exists in the imperial treasury today; it smells extremely foul. Burning it repels evil spirits. Thus, it is certainly not Suhexiang. *Liang Shu* states: Suhexiang from Tianzhu is a decoction of various fragrant juices, not a single natural product. It further states: Daqin collects Suhexiang, first decocts the juice to make an aromatic paste, then sells the dregs to others. Hence, it reaches China through intermediaries.

[Note: The original text contains fragmented sentences regarding "Wind-Heat Swelling Toxicity", "True Zitan", etc., which appear to be disjointed entries or commentary appended to the main text. I will translate them as they appear structurally.]

Wind-Heat swelling toxicity, primarily treating Heart-Abdominal Pain, Huoluan, Zhong'e Ghost Qi, and killing parasites. There are several varieties, differing in yellow, white, and purple colors. It is currently heavily used.

True Zitan (Sandalwood/Pterocarpus santalinus), previously listed in the Lower Grade, also primarily treats Wind-Toxicity. Su Gong states: It originates from Panpan Country in Kunlun. Although it does not grow in Central China, it is ubiquitous in the world. Sandalwood trees grow in mountains of Jianghuai and Heshuo. Wood used for axe handles is also a type of Sandalwood but lacks fragrance. In summer, some do not grow; suddenly leaves open, indicating heavy rain. Farmers observe this to predict droughts or floods, calling it Shuitan (Water Sandalwood). Another variety has similar leaves; it grows 5-6 chi tall in highland areas; blooms purple in April, also named Tan. Roots resemble Kudzu (Ge), primarily treating sores and scabies, killing parasites, with slight toxicity.