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Youba (Siphonostegia chinensis) is described in detail under the entry for Banxia (Pinellia Rhizome).

Huzhang (Arisaema consanguineum), grows in the valleys of Hanzhong and Yuanju (present-day Heze, Shandong), and is also found in various prefectures of Hebei today. The newly formed root is as large as a bean, gradually enlarging; it resembles Banxia but is flatter. Roots that have grown for several years are round and about one cun in diameter, with larger ones resembling chicken eggs. Two to three or five to six round buds grow around the periphery. In March and April, shoots emerge, growing over one chi tall. Leaves on the single stem resemble claws, distributed in fives or sixes, with pointed and rounded tips. A cluster produces seven or eight stems, occasionally sending up one stem bearing a spike inflorescence, straight upward like a rat's tail. A leaf shaped like a spoon grows in the middle, enclosing the stem to form a spathe-like chamber with an opening on the side, pointed at both ends, containing flowers that are slightly greenish-brown. The fruit is as large as hemp seeds, turning white when ripe, falling naturally to the ground; each seed can generate a new cluster. In September, after the foliage withers, the roots are harvested. They are soaked in hot water in a vessel for three to seven days, changing the water when it cools, rinsing three or four times daily to remove slime, then sun-dried for use. Alternatively, they may be processed by fire-roasting. Currently, people in Yizhou cultivate it in vegetable gardens and also call it Tiannanxing (Arisaema Rhizome). In Jiangzhou, there is a herb with leaves as large as a palm, green on the front and purple on the back, with buds around the edges resembling tiger paws; it has three to five leaves per plant and remains evergreen in winter. It treats heart pain, alternating chills and fever, and accumulated qi. It does not produce flowers or fruits; because its name is the same, it is recorded here as an appendix.

Langdangzi (Hyoscyami Semen), grows in coastal river valleys and Yongzhou, and is now ubiquitous. The seedling stems are about two to three chi high. The leaves are about three fingers wide, resembling those of Dihuang (Rehmanniae Radix), Wangbuliuxing (Vaccariae Semen), and Honglan (Carthami Flos). Flowers appear in April, purple in color. The seedlings, pods, and stems bear white hairs. Fruits mature in May; they have a shell forming a capsule-like structure, resembling small pomegranates. The seeds inside are very fine, pale green-white, resembling rice grains. Also known as Tianxianzi (Datura Seed). Seeds are collected in May and dried in the shade. According to the *Shennong Bencao Jing*, Langdang is cold in nature, whereas later authors often claim it is extremely hot. However, the *Records of the Grand Historian* (Biography of Chunyu Yi) states: When the concubine of the King of Zichuan was pregnant but unable to lactate, Chunyu Yi administered a measure of Langdang medicine, taken with wine, after which she immediately lactated. If inability to lactate were caused by heat, would it be treated with hot medicines? Furthermore, ancient prescriptions for sudden onset of mania and epilepsy often use Langdang alone; thus, it is uncertain if it is truly cold in nature. The *Xiaopin Fang* records a prescription for mania and epilepsy: Take three sheng of Langdang, grind into powder, soak in one sheng of wine for several days, then extract, boil the juice until it can be formed into pills, taking three pills the size of small beans three times daily. One should feel tightness in the mouth and face, a sensation of insects crawling in the head, and red spots on the forehead and extremities; these are signs of recovery. It is unknown if continued administration until completion yields miraculous results. Another text, *Qiezhong Fang*, for treating intestinal wind, uses Langdang decoction: Process one sheng of Langdang fruit, dry in the sun, grind and sieve. Mix with half a jin of ginger juice. Combine these two ingredients in a silver pot, add two sheng of unadulterated wine, and boil over fire until thick like syrup. Add wine as needed, up to approximately five sheng total, then stop boiling and form into pills the size of wu zi (fruits of Sophora japonica). Take three pills orally with wine every morning, increasing to five or seven pills as tolerated. If the pills stick to hands during preparation, use Dodder seed powder (Cuscutae Semen) as a dusting agent during heating; beware of high heat, as the medicine will scorch and lose efficacy. Mild heat upon initial ingestion is normal. For severe cases, after more than three days of administration, diarrhea should occur, expelling the disease, and the diarrhea will cease; this is indeed highly effective.