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Baiwan (Asteris Radix), detailed records are found under the entry for Ziwan (Asteris Radix).

Baixian (Dictamni Cortex), grows in Shanggu, Chuangu, and Yuanju. It is now also produced in Hezhong, Jiangning Prefecture, Chuzhou, and Runzhou. The seedling is over a chi high, with green stems and slightly white leaves, resembling Sophora leaves or also similar to Cornus officinalis fruit; it blooms pale purple flowers in April, resembling small Hibiscus mutabilis; the root resembles Brassica rapa var. rapa (turnip), with yellowish-white skin and solid heart. Roots are harvested in April and May and dried in shade for use. Another view states: it is best harvested in February; harvesting too late results in inferior efficacy. Its odor strongly resembles that of mutton fat, hence commonly called Baiyangxian (White Sheep Fresh), also known as Diyangshan (Earth Mutton Fat), and Jinjue'erjiao (Golden Sparrow Pepper). Its seedlings are used by mountain dwellers as vegetables. Ge Hong treated rat sores (scrofula) that had ulcerated and discharged pus and blood by having the patient drink one sheng of decoction made from boiling Baixianpi (Dictamni Cortex); recovery occurred after expelling the "rat offspring." Li Jiang's *Military Department Hand-collected Prescriptions* contains a prescription for lung cough using Baixianpi Tang (Dictamni Decoction), which is very effective.

Baiwei (Cynanchi Atrati Radix), grows in plains and river valleys. It is now also found in various commanderies of Shaanxi, as well as Chuzhou, Shuzhou, Runzhou, and Liaozhou. Both stems and leaves are green, somewhat resembling willow leaves; it blooms red flowers in June and July; fruits mature in August; roots are yellowish-white, resembling Achyranthes bidentata (Niuxi) but shorter and smaller; roots are harvested on the third day of the third lunar month and dried in shade for use. Current practice suggests harvesting in August.

Er (Xanthii Fructus / Cocklebur Fruit), grows in river valleys of Anlu and fields of Lu'an. It is now ubiquitous. Careful examination shows poets call it Juan'er (Curled Ear). *Erya* calls it Ling'er. *Guangya* calls it Er, all named after its fruit. Lu Ji's commentary states: Leaves are greenish-white, resembling Coriandrum sativum (cilantro/coriander), with white flowers, thin stems, growing as vines, edible when boiled, slippery texture and mild taste. Seeds develop in mid-April, resembling a woman's ear, hence sometimes called Ercao (Ear Grass). Zheng Kangcheng considered it to be white coriander; people in Youzhou called it Jue'er. Guo Pu stated: Shape resembles mouse ears, growing in clusters like a plate. All current specimens resemble this, except they do not grow as vines. Some say this plant originally grew in Shu, possessing many thorns; because sheep passed through, seeds stuck to their wool, spreading to China, thus named Yangfulai (Sheep Carries Come). Commonly called Daorentou (Daoist Head). Harvested when fruits are ripe. Ancient and modern medical texts often use it alone to treat severe carbuncles and swellings. Raw roots and leaves are crushed, mixed with infant urine, juice extracted, and one sheng administered orally, three times daily. Alternatively, burned to ash, mixed with lard from the twelfth lunar month, applied topically; within moments, the root of the lesion can be extracted, leading to cure.