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Milenghua (Buddlejae Flos), grows in the river valleys of Yizhou, and is now found in all prefectures and commanderies within Shu. The tree exceeds one zhang in height; its leaves resemble those of Ilex aquifolium (Dongqing) but are thicker, white on the underside, covered with fine hairs, and somewhat similar to Citrus reticulata (Juzi) leaves; the flowers are slightly purple. Flowers are harvested in February and March, dried in the sun for use. This plant is woody yet classified in the herbal section, the reason for which is unknown.

Funiuhua (Viburnum macrocephalum Ferox Group Flower), grows in Shu regions and is widespread, though currently only found in prefectures near Yizhou and Shu, mostly growing in river marshes. Leaves are green and slender, resembling Phellodendron amurense (Huangbai) leaves but not glossy; stems are red and thorny; flowers are pale yellow, spike-like, smaller than Prunus armeniaca (Xinghua). Harvested in March, dried in the shade.

Rhubarb (Da Huang), grows in the valleys of Hexi and Longxi, and is now produced in Sichuan, Hedong, and Shaanxi prefectures, with those from Sichuan exhibiting a "brocade pattern" being superior. Those from Qin and Longxi are called Tubo Da Huang (Tibetan Rhubarb). In January, green leaves emerge, resembling Ricinus communis (Bima), with large ones as big as fans; roots resemble Colocasia esculenta (Yutou), with large ones bowl-sized, one to two chi long, producing fine side roots like Arctium lappa (Niubang), while smaller ones resemble taro; yellow flowers bloom in April, some greenish-red resembling Fagopyrum esculentum (Qiaomai); stems are greenish-purple, bamboo-shaped. Roots are harvested in February and August, black skin removed, and dried over fire. Those from Jianghuai are called Tu Da Huang (Local Rhubarb), blooming yellow in February with small seeds. Additionally, Dingzhou produces a type of Rumex (Yangti) Da Huang, highly effective for treating scabies and pruritus. Young shoots resemble Rumex, and after years of growth, leaves become narrow and pointed like Phytolacca acinosa (Shanglu); in April, spikes emerge on new shoots, five to seven stems clustered together, flowers and leaves same color; seeds resemble buckwheat but are lighter and smaller, turning yellow in May when ripe, also called Jin Qiaomai (Golden Buckwheat). Seedlings harvested in March, fruits in May, both dried in shade; roots harvested in September, cut open revealing brocade patterns, sun-dried, also called Tu Da Huang. Regarding the processing of Rhubarb, Su Gong stated: Heat stones until hot, slice horizontally into inch-thick pieces, place on stone, dry slightly for one day, then thread through holes until completely dry. Current Tubo Da Huang is often made into cross-sections that have been heat-treated. Sichuan Da Huang is made into tight slices resembling ox tongues, called Niusheda Huang (Ox Tongue Rhubarb). Both are equally effective. *Shennong Bencao Jing* states Rhubarb eliminates stale matter and generates newness, its efficacy most miraculous, thus ancient formulas frequently used it to purge stagnation, especially Zhang Zhongjing in treating Shanghan (Cold Damage). There is also Sanwu Beiji Wan (Three-Ingredient Emergency Pill), where Sikong Pei Xiu prepared it as a powder to treat sudden abdominal disorders and acute diseases. The formula uses Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma), Ganjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma), and Badou (Crotonis Fructus), each one liang, requiring fresh, high-quality ingredients, pounded and sifted, mixed with honey, pounded another thousand times, formed into pills the size of small beans, three pills per dose. Dosage adjusted for elderly and children. Powder form is inferior to pill form. For cases of Zhong E Ke Wu (sudden invasion by evil pathogens) causing abdominal distension, sudden pain like needle or knife stabs, dyspnea, trismus, or sudden death (Shiren), administer with warm water or wine. If unable to swallow, prop up head and pour down throat; recovery follows shortly. If no effect, consider administering three more pills; abdominal borborygmi should occur, followed by vomiting or purging for cure. If trismus prevents opening mouth, forcibly pry teeth and instill medicine; recovery occurs upon entry into throat. Cui Zhiti treated pediatric Wugu Shanpi (innocent flash accumulation), Luoli (scrofula), or dry yellow protruding scalp, intermittent dysentery, and various symptoms using Da Huang Jian (Rhubarb Decoction). Nine liang of Da Huang with brocade pattern, fresh and solid (rotten ones unusable), peeled, weighed, pounded and sifted into powder, mixed with three sheng of premium rice vinegar, placed in copper bowl, simmered over boiling water in a large pot with gentle charcoal fire, stirred with bamboo spatula until pill-consistency achieved, stored in small porcelain jar. For three-year-old child, seven pills the size of Sophora japonica seeds per dose, twice daily, until green-red pus is discharged. If no pus or little pus, slightly increase dosage; if excessive pus, reduce dosage. Severe cases may require seven to eight doses to eradicate root cause. Dosage for adults and children adjusted according to judgment. This medicine discharges pus and old accumulations without causing diarrhea in children; toxic foods must be avoided. For breastfed infants, nursing mothers must observe same dietary restrictions. Cui Yuanliang's *Haishang Fang*: Treats cold wind qi in waist and legs using two da liang of Da Huang, cut into chess-piece sizes, stir-fried with small amount of butter until butter fully absorbed, careful not to burn yellow or lose potency, pounded and sifted to powder. Daily, on empty stomach, mix two qian of Da Huang powder with three he of water and two slices of ginger (coin-sized), boil ten times, remove ginger, take Da Huang powder, mix with ginger decoction, drink at once on empty stomach. Drink remaining ginger decoction slowly to finish, expecting discharge of cold pus and foul matter, disease ceases. Ancients used toxic medicines to attack disease based on patient's deficiency or excess, not indiscriminately. Yao Sengyuan, early in Liang dynasty service, Emperor Wu desired to take Da Huang due to fever. Sengyuan said: Da Huang is a drastic medicine. Your Majesty is advanced in age, cannot use lightly. Emperor did not listen, nearly became prostrate. Emperor Yuan often had abdominal disorders. Physicians suggested mild medicines for gradual unblocking. Sengyuan said: Pulse is surging and full, indicating retained food stagnation, only Da Huang can cure. Emperor complied and recovered. Thus, modern physicians use one toxic medicine for multiple diseases; if occasionally effective, claim miracle; if error occurs, blame nothing. Such practices abound, how can one not be vigilant?