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Bitter, slightly bitter in taste, cold in nature. Enters the Lung, Spleen, and Liver meridians.
Disperses wind, removes dampness, clears heat, and relieves pain; for nasal congestion caused by a common cold, its use can unblock the orifices.
This refers to the buds of ordinary willow trees; those where the leaf buds have not yet bloomed into flowers are superior.

Bitter and sweet in taste, cold in nature. Enters the Lung and Liver meridians.
Disperses wind and clears heat, treating colds and dry coughs. Clears the upper jiao and pacifies the Liver, treating vertigo and headache. For tinnitus, hearing loss, blurred vision, and dim eyesight, Sangye (Mulberry Leaf) and Juhua (Chrysanthemum) often go hand in hand, renowned for their efficacy in treating both exterior and interior conditions. For chronic wind-dampness, it is paired with Sesamum indicum var. nigrum (Black Sesame) to strengthen sinews and bones. In the early stages of epidemic throat diseases, it is combined with Puerariae Radix (Ge Gen) to clear high fever. It can be used to stop sweating in consumptive fevers, and its calming effect alleviates skin itching. Decoction of tender leaves in wine promotes joint mobility; mulberry branches eaten by silkworms, which have silkworm saliva attached, are precious for treating throat ailments. Brewing as tea quenches thirst; washing hair with it promotes hair renewal. Boiling for bathwater treats generalized numbness in the limbs of the elderly; grinding into juice and applying it treats infant angular cheilitis spreading to the gums. Mulberry leaves exposed to frost are considered superior, possessing purer medicinal properties. *Shishi Milu* states that Sangye is an excellent herb for stopping sweating. Made into honey pills with Sesamum indicum var. nigrum (Wuma), it forms Sangma Wan, which can also retard aging and preserve youth. The mulberry branches eaten by silkworms, having silkworm saliva attached, are particularly effective for sore throats and hoarseness caused by phlegm-heat. Since these are not always stocked in pharmacies, they should be stored in advance.

Sweet in taste, slightly cold in nature, non-toxic. Enters the Lung and Kidney meridians. Used with Gouqi (Lycium Fruit) and Sangbaipi (Morus Bark) as guiding herbs, removing the pedicels.
Disperses wind and clears heat, brightens the eyes, and pacifies the Liver. Treats headache, vertigo, tinnitus, and irritability. Improves blood vessel circulation and subdues ascending wind-yang. Prevents graying of hair, retards aging, and preserves youth.
Drinking water contributes to longevity, as recorded in the Ju Tan (Chrysanthemum Pool). Wild bitter Artemisia (Juying), clears heat and cools the Liver. It is used safely for treating sores, carbuncles, and boils.
It uniquely embodies the essence of Metal, effectively controlling Wind-Wood. On the high peaks of the body, only wind can reach, hence its primary application is in the upper part of the body. The eyes are the orifice of the Liver; tears are the heat of the Liver, thus it heals these conditions.

Pungent in taste, slightly warm in nature, non-toxic. Enters the Spleen and Stomach meridians. Avoid exposure to fire.
Induces sweating to release the exterior, harmonizes the middle, and promotes diuresis to remove dampness. Treats summer colds characterized by anhidrosis and fever. For abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea where yang qi is obstructed by yin pathogens.
Treats conditions caused by seeking coolness and drinking cold beverages, where yang qi is obstructed by yin pathogens, leading to headache, fever, restlessness, and thirst. It is suitable for cases with vomiting and diarrhea; by dispersing and raising yang qi, and scattering water to harmonize the Spleen, recovery ensues. However, if the condition is caused by labor and heat exposure, using Xiangru (Mosla Herb) instead would further deficiency of the exterior and add warmth to heat, which is a major error.
Xiangru is a formula for releasing the exterior in summer; it is contraindicated in those without exterior pathogenic factors.