味苦、涩，性平，无毒。入脾经，兼能通十二经。
能通十二经穴、祛邪辟瘴却瘟。除筋络拘挛，治周身痹疼。通窍活血，通乳行经。利水
除湿
，肿消全身、熏衣除蚤、辟秽须焚。
此药鼻科、耳科常用之，盖取其通窍活血也。
味辛、性温，无毒。入肾经。恶牡丹皮、莽草。畏石脂。火 ，醋淬，水飞。
治肾虚之恐怯，镇心脏之怔忡。能消目障、可治耳聋。
镇心益肾，故磁朱丸用之，可暂用，不可久也。咽痛久久不愈，查无所见者，用之能引
热下
行。
味甘，性苦，气香，无毒。入肝、肾二经。乃取歙县之茶叶以苦丁叶（即枸骨，俗名老
鼠刺）
同焙制成，故又称角刺茶。
清头目，散肝风。泻肾火，凉胞宫。活血脉，断斯螽。 耳流脓，耳鸣或聋。阴浮于上，
眩
晕 。
孕妇忌用。
（见外治）
味辛、苦，性平。入肺、脾、胃、肠、三焦等经。
清咽消痰，下气和中。喉痛失音、胸闷腹膨。化积滞，利关节，散瘀血治痢疾。
立冬时，拔取扁白小萝卜、连叶卧于地、数日之后、叶即翘起、而根心已空、乃根汁已
入叶
中矣，故能具如上之效，切下风干备用。乃咽喉病不可或缺之药也。
味微苦，质滑，性寒，无毒。入肺及心、肝、脾、肾诸经。
治口疮喉肿，消浮热牙宣。耳疼目痛均治、疔疮大毒能痊。
此药既可仗其寒凉败毒，治急热之症。又可用以泡茶，清上清火，治诸种慢症。其气芳
香，
沏之药色与茶色相兼，颇为悦目。
Bitter and astringent, neutral in nature, non-toxic. Enters the Spleen Meridian, and also has the ability to unblock the Twelve Primary Meridians.
It can unblock the acupoints of the Twelve Primary Meridians, dispel pathogenic factors, ward off miasma, and eliminate pestilence. It relieves spasm and contracture of the sinews and collaterals, and treats bi-syndrome pain throughout the body. It opens orifices, invigorates blood, promotes lactation, and regulates menstruation. It promotes diuresis and removes dampness, reducing generalized edema; when used for fumigating clothes, it repels fleas; to dispel foul odors, it must be burned.
This herb is commonly used in rhinology and otology, primarily for its ability to open orifices and invigorate blood circulation.
Pungent and warm in nature, non-toxic. Enters the Kidney Meridian. It is incompatible with Mudanpi (Cortex Moutan Radicis) and Mangcao (Herba Isatidis). It fears Shizhi (Kaolin). Processing involves firing, quenching in vinegar, and water levigation.
It treats fearfulness due to Kidney deficiency and calms palpitations (Zhenchong) of the Heart. It can resolve visual obstructions and treat deafness.
By calming the Heart and benefiting the Kidney, it is used in Cizhu Wan (Magnetite and Cinnabar Pill). It may be used temporarily but should not be taken long-term. For chronic sore throat with no visible pathology, it guides heat downward.
Sweet and bitter in taste, fragrant in aroma, non-toxic. Enters the Liver and Kidney Meridians. It is made by roasting tea leaves from Shexian County together with Kudingye (Leaves of Ilex cornuta, commonly known as Laoshuci/Rat Thorn). Hence, it is also called Jiaoci Cha (Horn Thorn Tea).
It clears the head and eyes, disperses Liver wind. It drains Kidney fire and cools the Uterus (Baogong). It invigorates blood vessels and stops symptoms resembling insect chirping (tinnitus). It treats otorrhea, tinnitus, or deafness. It addresses dizziness caused by Yin floating upward.
Contraindicated in pregnancy.
(See external treatment methods)
Pungent and bitter, neutral in nature. Enters the Lung, Spleen, Stomach, Intestine, and Sanjiao Meridians.
It clears the throat, resolves phlegm, directs Qi downward, and harmonizes the Middle Jiao. It treats sore throat, loss of voice, chest tightness, and abdominal distension. It transforms stagnation, benefits joints, dissipates blood stasis, and treats dysentery.
At the Start of Winter, flat white radishes are harvested with leaves attached and laid flat on the ground. After several days, the leaves stand upright while the core of the root becomes hollow, indicating that the root juice has migrated into the leaves. This migration confers the aforementioned therapeutic effects. The radish is sliced and air-dried for later use. It is an indispensable herb for treating throat diseases.
Slightly bitter, smooth in texture, cold in nature, non-toxic. Enters the Lung, Heart, Liver, Spleen, and Kidney Meridians.
It treats oral ulcers and throat swelling, clears deficient heat and gingival bleeding. It treats earache and eye pain, and cures severe toxic sores like Dingchuang (carbuncles).
This herb relies on its cold and cooling properties to resolve toxicity and treat acute heat syndromes. It can also be used for brewing tea to clear upper Jiao heat and treat various chronic conditions. Its fragrance is pleasant, and the infusion color blends well with tea, making it visually appealing.