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[Sangye Zi (Mulberry Leaf Exudate)]
When fresh mulberry leaves are picked and torn open, a white juice flows from the leaf veins. This is called "Sangye Zi" (Mulberry Leaf Exudate), also known as "Sangzhi" (Mulberry Fat). *Bencao Gangmu* (Compendium of Materia Medica) records that the uses of mulberry leaves are very extensive, but it does not mention this substance.
Sangye Zi has a slightly cold nature and a bitter taste. If foreign bodies such as "Tiansi" (sky silk, referring to fine filaments or debris) enter the eye, it can be applied as eye drops for treatment.
*Shanhai Caohan* records: Applying Sangye Zi to the eyes can treat centipede bites.

[Treatment for Breast Abscess]
*Jiting* records: Take mulberry leaves regardless of whether they are first or second flush leaves. Pick half a segment, extracting three fen (approx. 1.5g) of the juice from the posterior half. Combine with eight qian (approx. 30g) of Huangbai (Phellodendri Cortex). Decoct in water until dry. Use only three fen of the resulting powder. Steam it once over rice, then expose it to night dew overnight. Apply to the affected area. Even if the skin is ulcerated down to the bone, it can promote wound contraction and healing.

[Xiaoshi Jie (Small Stone Boil)]
Xiaoshi Jie, now commonly referred to as "Zhama Ding" (Horse-tying Carbuncle). Qian Jun's empirical prescription states: Collect leaves from mulberry trees during the second silkworm rearing period. Extract the exudate, dilute with water, and apply to the lesion. It will heal.

[Resolution of Goiter and Tumors]
Qiuquan Secret Recipe: Use one qian (approx. 3.75g) of tadpoles. Wrap snake slough in mud and bake into powder, using three fen (approx. 1.5g). Mix with one qian of dried Gui Manto (Ghost Bun, likely a local plant/fungus exudate) and one qian of dried Sangye Zi. Add three fen each of Ruxiang (Frankincense) and Moyao (Myrrh), and one fen of Shexiang (Musk). Grind all into a fine powder. Knead into pills using rice paste. When ready to use, dissolve the pill with Gui Manto exudate. Apply to the affected area with a chicken feather. The tumor will disappear after one night.

[Sang You (Mulberry Oil)]
Wanshi Jiachao describes a method for extracting mulberry oil: Crush fresh mulberry wood, place it in a bottle, seal the mouth with a bottle cap, and bury the bottle upside down in the soil. Roast slowly with chaff fire. The oil will drip out naturally. Store in a jar for use.

[Jia Xiang (Agarwood/Kynam)]
The common name is Qinan (Kynam), while the elegant name is Qinan Zhan, Xiang Zhan, or Musuxiang. People in Guangdong also call Qinan "Zhan," where the names are the same but the aromas differ. In the aromatic terminology of Guangdong's maritime trade, Jiaxiang originates from various mountains along the sea. It forms when branches or trunks of agarwood trees have exposed pores. If the tree stands dead but the roots remain alive, its nature is warm. Large ants bore holes into these pores, and the residue of honeydew eaten by the ants accumulates inside. Over many years, the wood absorbs the essence of the honeydew, condensing into a hard, moist, and fragrant resin, forming Jiaxiang.
If the agarwood tree is still alive and the honeydew essence is not yet mature, it is called "Shengjie" (Raw Knot), which is of the highest grade. If the tree is dead but the roots remain, and the honeydew essence moistens the dead roots like maltose slices, it is called "Tangjie" (Sugar Knot), which is of secondary grade. If the time elapsed is short, and the wood and honeydew essences have not fully merged, with more woody character and less fragrance, it is called "Huban Jinsixie" (Tiger-stripe Gold-thread Knot), which is of a lower grade. If the color is green like a duck's head, it is named "Lujie" (Green Knot); it shows indentations when pinched which disappear upon release, can be rounded by pressure but returns to square when released, and sawdust clumps together. It is also called "Youjie" (Oil Knot), which is of the upper-middle grade.
Jiaxiang is originally of the same category as Chenxiang (Agarwood) but is distinguished by Yin and Yang. Some say Chenxiang is female; it tastes bitter and promotes flow, its fragrance is contained, becoming intensely fragrant only when burned, representing Yin body and Yang function. Jiaxiang is male; it tastes pungent and smells sweet, its fragrance erupts vigorously, and it has the property of obstructing urination and defecation, representing Yang body and Yin function. However, foreign Jiaxiang is considered superior. Agarwood from Champa (central Vietnam) has a very slight fragrance that lasts long without diminishing. Agarwood from Hainan (Qiongzhou) is called "Tujiaxiang" (Local Jiaxiang); its shape resembles Yousuxiang (Oily Fast Agarwood). Its fragrance is extremely intense when cut, but diminishes within months if touched by sweaty hands. It must be washed with clear spring water, coated with Suheliu (Styrax Oil), or stored in sugarcane hearts wrapped in Bai'e leaves, buried in soil for several months, and sun-dried briefly at noon before its aromatic soul recovers. Champa agarwood is quiet and enduring; Hainan agarwood is active and dissipates easily. Quiet fragrance moves through spirit; active fragrance moves through qi.
To store Jiaxiang, use a tin box with a perforated partition. Place honey below and Jiaxiang above, allowing the heat of incense burning to provide moisture. Nourish it with Jiaxiang powder; other powders do not work because only its own original scent can restore its soul. Even a tiny amount can recover its essence due to its high concentration of spirit and qi. Avoid water and excessive dryness. Store away from wind, mold, dampness, and earth, otherwise the aroma will dissipate.
*Bencao Chengya* states: Qinan and Chenxiang are of the same category. Because trees are divided into male and female, their Yin/Yang, form, quality, odor, and temperament differ. The basis of Chenxiang is female/Yin, so it tastes bitter and strong, promotes flow, contains its odor, becomes stronger when burned, represents Yin body and Yang function, storing essence to respond urgently. The basis of Qinan is male/Yang, so it tastes pungent and spicy, emits odor openly, restricts function, obstructs urination and defecation, represents Yang body and Yin function, guarding the exterior and maintaining solidity. Regarding products like Huangzhan categorized into four knot types totaling forty-two varieties (Chenxiang has forty-two varieties), although female types are more numerous than male, Qinan is uniquely prized as the most expensive. Even second-grade Huangzhan can be evaluated based on this. Chenxiang is typically yellow-ripe, penetrating deeply, light-colored, and loses scent easily. Qinan is also yellow-ripe but penetrates deeper, with dense texture and rich grain, appearing more mature than raw agarwood, far surpassing it. After prolonged heating, its lingering scent remains overpowering. Zhan refers to Qinan; those crossing the sea with heavy weight are called Jinsixie (Gold Thread). The four types—Shunjie (Ripe Knot), Shengjie (Raw Knot), Chonglou (Insect-bored Knot), and Tuoluo (Fallen Knot)—are collectively called Qinan knots, but distinctions exist among them: Youjie, Tangjie, Mijie, Lujie, and Jinsixie. They are classified as raw or ripe, bored or fallen, forming an orderly hierarchy. Generally, Chenxiang values quality, being fragrant throughout and sinking in water. Qinan, despite similar knot types, is extremely pungent and numbing to the tongue. Among the four knots, each embraces the wood, varying in color and appearance, distinctly different in manifestation.
Qinan is not recorded in ancient materia medica. Later generations used it mainly for sexual arts or for wearing, wrapping, and holding, valuing its rare scent. Its physical form and taste must be even more unique. Chenxiang functions through action and stillness; Qinan embodies action-stillness and behavior. Body contains function, function contains body, male-female and Yin-Yang interplay, allowing one to understand the sequence intuitively.
*Huanyou Biji* notes: Jiaxiang, also written as Qixiang, comes from mountains off the coast of eastern Guangdong, being the finest quality of agarwood. It is Huangxachen (Yellow Wax Agarwood). When agarwood branches have exposed pores, large ants bore into them. Ants eat honeydew and leave aromatic residues. Over years, the wood absorbs the honeydew essence, condensing into hard, moist, fragrant resin. As fragrance forms, the wood decays, killing surrounding vegetation. Shengjie is red and hard; Tangjie is black and soft. Hainan grass also produces Tujiaxiang, with white flesh and black spots. Now, people in Nanhai dig deep in mountains for Chen-su Jiaxiang. Where ant mounds are two or three feet high, digging reveals rare fragrance. Southern spices number in hundreds, but most are dry and hot; long-term burning causes hair loss and blood depletion. Only Jiaxiang has a gentle, fine aroma beneficial to health. Fan Shihu's *Guanghai Xiangzhi* omitted it, missing a poetic element in incense burners. Good quality is now rare.
*Chen Rang Haiwai Yishuo* states: Jiaxiang grows alongside Chenxiang. Chenxiang is hard, carving like scraping bamboo; Jiaxiang is soft, fingernail marks like scratching sand. It tastes spicy, has grease, sticks to teeth, and its qi rises. Thus, elders wear it to reduce urination. Top grade is Yinggelv (Oriole Song Green), colored like oriole feathers, very rare. Next is Lanhuajie (Orchid Knot), slightly green and black. Then Jinsixie (Gold Thread), slightly yellow. Then Tangjie (Sugar Knot), yellow. Lowest is Tiejie (Iron Knot), black and slightly hard. All have greasy textures. Craftsmen fake them using Jicimu, Jigu Xiang, Suxiang, and Yuntouxiang, soaked in Jiaxiang liquid and dust.
*Wuli Xiaoshi* states: Qinan and Chenxiang are same category, divided by Yin/Yang. Chenxiang is female, bitter, promoting flow, contained fragrance, intensifies when burned, Yin body/Yang function. Qinan is male, spicy causing numbness, sudden fragrance, obstructs urination/defecation, Yang body/Yin function. Varieties include Lujie, Youtang, Mijie, Jinsixie Huban. Sawdust clumps; imported goods are better.
*Dongxiyang Kao* states: Jiaozhi produces Qinan; fingernails penetrate it, leaving marks that close after removal. There is also Qinnan Essential Oil, true ones are rare. Modern fakes are made by soaking Qinan fragments in oil with wax, having slight scent.
Li Zeng's *Renshutang Biji* states: Kampuchea (Cambodia) is a vassal of Japan. The Big Dipper is not visible at night; people ride elephants. It produces Qinnan. Extraction method: Sacrifice animals, pray secretly for omens, enter dense forests. If tree tops sound like children talking, chop quickly and return; delay invites ghosts. Visit only once a year. First kings and three generals (read as Ma, military governors) wash and clean the best pieces. Keep the top tier.
Jin Lifu says: When Sheng Hou was Supervisor of Yuehai, he needed top-grade Jiaxiang for tribute. Ordered thirteen trading houses to buy overseas. After a year, no good quality found. Only old artifacts had Youjie, green, indented when pinched, closing slowly. Now rare overseas. Even Champa production, slight scent lasting long, hiding in winter cold, emitting in spring warmth, quiet and enduring, is Mijie. Smells sweet, tastes spicy, soft and light, top grade, now rare. Among Shunjie, Shengjie, Chonglou, Tuoluo, each embraces wood: You, Tang, Mi, Lv, Jinsixie. Shengjie is red/hard; Tangjie is black/soft, or yellow/black mixed, or black with white spots. Colors vary, traces distinct. Current Guangdong production, Dongguan's "Daughter Incense Citron," pale yellow, tender wood, non-greasy, coarse/porous, thin scent, loses scent if stored long, needs infusion, not precious, weak medicinal power, discernible by experts. Pungent/astringent, wearing it constricts urination/defecation, strengthens spleen/kidneys, closes essence/qi in decoctions, used in sexual arts to retain soul/spirit in collapse cases. Li Shizhen's *Gangmu* listed 35 aromatic woods, searched for rare essentials, yet omitted this. Why?
*Yaoxing Kao* states: Jiaxiang is pungent, directs qi downward, repels evil, treats wind-phlegm obstruction, spirit/demon attachment, opens orifices, awakens spirit, drives away evil wind. In Shixiang Fanhun Dan, paired with incense, pungent. Red/hard is best, then black/soft. Huban Jinsixie are inferior mixed wood.
Store Qinnan in tin boxes with honey and Suheliu, perforated partitions keep it moist. If dry, wrap in Bai'e leaves, bury in soil for months to recover.
*Renni Fa Wuli Xiaoshi* states: Paste of Tangjie powder applied to Huiyin (CV1) acupoint stops urination.