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It is produced in places such as Yan'an and Yulin in Shaanxi Province. It is a liquid flowing from rocks, collected by local people. *Gewu Xuzhi* (A Need to Know the Principles of Things) records: Genuine Shinao Oil (Petroleum/Naphtha) can penetrate gold and silver; only genuine liuli (glazed glass) containers can store it. A single drop falling into water instantly ignites a fierce flame; if other fake oils are poured into water, fish and turtles all die. Sprinkling ash on it extinguishes the fire. Chang Zhongcheng, in his *Huanyou Biji* (Notes from Official Travels), recorded: One hundred and fifty li southeast of Chijinwei in the western frontier, there is a petroleum spring. The oil floats on the water surface like fat, is black in color, and has an offensive odor. Locals mostly use it for lamp fuel, producing very bright light. It can substitute for pine resin, and some say it can treat sores and tinea. *Bitan* (Brush Talks) records: Yan Zhi is Yan'an petroleum. It grows among sand and stones at the water's edge, mixing with spring water and emerging turbidly. Locals dip pheasant feathers into it and put it into jars; it resembles lacquer and burns extremely brightly. *Yuanhe Zhi* (Records of Yuanhe) states: The petroleum spring is located 180 li east of Yumen County. In the spring, there is moss-like matter resembling fat meat, which can be burned to replace candles. This oil can ignite on water; if this oil is ignited and water is splashed upon it, the light becomes even more intense, but it is extinguished by sprinkling ash. Commentary: This is the ancient "Shiqi" (Stone Lacquer). *Hanshu Zhu* (Commentary on Book of Han) records: South of Yanshou County, there are mountain rocks where mountain springs flow like uncoagulated fat. It burns extremely brightly but is inedible. The locals call it Shiqi. Zhang Hua said that south of Yanshou County, there is "Gouzhi" (Ditch Fat), initially yellow then turning black, called Shiqi. *Fangzhen Biannianlu* (Chronicles of Regional Governors) calls it Dizhi (Earth Fat). Li Shizhen considered it Shinao Oil. It is also called Liuhuang You (Sulfur Yellow Oil). Currently, it is found in Yunnan, Burma, Guangzhou, and Nanxiong. *Wenjian Zazhi* (Magazine of Heard and Seen) records: In Fushun County, Sichuan, there is a Fire Well. First, wood fires are used to guide the flame downwards and upwards. Large bamboo tubes are split open and their nodes removed; the fire travels inside and can be led under the stove to boil salt. The flame color is greenish-blue, not red. Oil from the well, ignited with paper wicks, does not go out when sinking to the bottom of water. Applying it to boils cures them immediately. This is also a type of Shinao Oil. *Beishi* (History of the Northern Dynasties) records: Quci River is located in the large mountains northwest of the Qiuci Kingdom. The water is like ointment, flowing out to form a river, traveling several miles before seeping underground. Its shape is like paste, and it smells very bad. Taking it causes hair and teeth to regrow; lepers who take it are also cured. This is also a type of Shinao or Disou (Earth Urine). *Tongzhi Lue* (Brief Records of Comprehensive History) mentions Guiniào (Turtle Urine), also named Shinao Oil, which is different from this.

To treat Bald Head Tinea (Bai Tu Dui Hui): Commonly known as Dog Shit. After shaving the head for Waxy Pear Sores, apply this oil, and it heals immediately. It also treats stubborn tinea, wind-leprosy, and severe scabies.

For Nameless Swelling and Toxic Sores: *Jiusheng Kuhai* (Sea of Suffering Saved by Life) records: Burma produces Petroleum, i.e., Shinao Oil, flowing from rock crevices. It has an unbearable foul odor and is black in color. Used to smear malignant toxic sores. *Dongyang Kao* (Examination of the Eastern and Western Oceans) records: Samudra (Sanfoqi) is located in the southeastern sea. It was originally a branch of the Southern Barbarians, later defeated by Java, and renamed Jiugang. It produces Menghuo You (Blazing Fire Oil), which is tree sap. Also known as Niyou (Mud Oil), it is similar to camphor in category but can corrode human flesh. When burning and placed in water, the flame becomes fiercer. Barbarians use it to make fire weapons, making the beacon flames more intense. Fish and turtles passing by are all melted. Zhao Xuemin comments: This is Petroleum. Judging by its name Niyou, it is known not to be resin. *Yangkao* mistakenly identified it as tree sap, so it is attached here under Shinao Oil.