（宋《开宝》）
【校正】并入《别录》鸡舌香。
【释名】丁子香（《嘉 》）、鸡舌香。
藏器曰∶鸡舌香与丁香同种，花实丛生，其中心最大者为鸡舌（击破有顺理而解为两向，
如鸡舌，故名），乃是母丁香也。禹锡曰∶按∶《齐民要术》云∶鸡舌香，俗人以其似丁子，
故呼为丁子香。
【集解】恭曰∶鸡舌香树叶及皮并似栗，花如梅花，子似枣核，此雌树也，不入香用。
其雄树虽花不实，采花酿之以成香。出昆仑及交州、爱州以南。 曰∶丁香生东海及昆仑
国。
志曰∶丁香生交、广、南番。按∶《广州图》上丁香，树高丈余，木类桂，叶似栎叶。花圆
细，黄色，凌冬不凋。其子出枝蕊上如钉，长三、四分，紫色。其中有粗大如山茱萸者，俗
呼为母丁香。二月、八月采子及根。一云∶盛冬生花，子，至次年春采之。颂曰∶鸡舌香，
《唐本草》言其木似栗；《南越志》言是沉香花；《广志》言是草花蔓
香口。其说不定。今人皆以乳香中拣出木实似枣核者为之，坚顽枯燥，绝无气味，烧亦无
香，用疗气与口臭则甚乖疏，不知缘何以为鸡舌也？京下老医言∶鸡舌与丁香同种，其中最
大者为鸡舌，即母丁香，疗口臭最良，治气亦效。葛稚川《百一方》∶治暴气刺心痛，用鸡
舌香酒服。又《抱朴子》书∶以鸡舌、黄连，乳汁煎之，注目，治百疹之在目者皆愈，更加
精明。古方治疮痈五香连翘汤用鸡舌香，而孙真人《千金方》无鸡舌，用丁香，似为一物也。
其采花酿成香之说，绝无知者。慎微曰∶沈存中《笔谈》云∶予集《灵苑方》，据陈藏器《拾
遗》，以鸡舌为丁香母。今考之尚不然，鸡舌即丁香也。《齐民要术》言鸡舌俗名丁子香。《日
华子》言丁香治口气，与《三省故事》载汉时郎官日含鸡舌香，欲其奏事芬芳之说相合。及
《千金方》五香汤用丁香无鸡舌，最为明验。《开宝本草》重出丁香，谬矣。今世以乳香中
大如山茱萸者为鸡舌，略无气味，治疾殊乖。承曰∶《嘉 补注》及苏颂《图经》引诸书，
以鸡舌为丁香。《抱朴子》言可注眼。但丁香恐不宜入眼，含之口中热臭不可近。乳香中所
拣者，虽无气味，却无臭气，有淡利九窍之理。诸方用治小儿惊痫，亦欲其达九窍也。 曰∶
丁香有雌、雄。雄者颗小；雌者大如山茱萸，更名母丁香，入药最胜。时珍曰∶雄为丁香，
雌为鸡舌，诸说甚明，独陈承所言甚为谬妄不知乳香中所拣者，乃番枣核也，即无漏子之核，
见果部。前人不知丁香即鸡舌，误以此物充之尔。干姜、焰硝尚可点眼，草果、阿魏番人以
作食料，则丁香之点眼、噙口，又何害哉？
【气味】辛，微温，无毒。时珍曰∶辛，温。
【主治】风水毒肿，霍乱心痛，去恶气（《别录》）。吹鼻，杀脑疳。入诸香中，令人身
香（甄权）。同姜汁，涂拔去白须
丁香（《开宝》）
【气味】辛，温，无毒。时
好古曰∶纯阳。入手太阴、足少阴、阳明经。
曰∶方中多用雌者，力大。膏煎中若用雄，须去丁，盖乳子发人背痈也。不可见火。
畏郁金。
【主治】温脾胃，止霍乱拥胀，风毒诸肿，齿疳 。能发诸香（《开宝》）。风疳 骨槽
劳臭，杀虫辟恶去邪，治奶头花，止五色毒痢、疗五痔（李 ）。治口气、冷气、冷劳反胃、
鬼疰、蛊毒，杀酒毒，消 癖，疗肾气、奔豚气、阴痛、腹痛，壮阳，暖腰膝（大明）。疗
呕逆，甚验（保升）。去胃寒，理元气。气血盛者勿服（元素）。治虚哕，小儿吐泻，痘疮胃
虚，灰白不
【发明】好古曰∶丁香与五味子、广术同用，治奔豚之气。亦能泄肺，能补胃，大能疗
肾。
丁香气味尤佳。震亨曰∶口居上，地气出焉。脾有郁火，溢入肺中，失其清和之意，而浊气
上行，发为口气。若以丁香治之，是扬汤止沸尔。惟香薷治之甚捷。时珍曰∶宋末太医陈文
中，治小儿痘疮不光泽，不起发，或胀或泻，或渴或气促，表里俱虚之证。并用木香散、异
攻散，倍加丁香、官桂。甚者丁香三、五十枚，官桂一、二钱。亦有服之而愈者。此丹溪朱
氏所谓立方之时，必运气在寒水司天之际，又值严冬郁遏阳气，故用大辛热之剂发之者也。
若不分气血虚实寒热经络，一概骤用，其杀人也必矣。葛洪《抱朴子》云∶凡百病在目者，
以鸡舌香、黄连、乳汁煎注之，皆愈。此得辛散苦降养阴之妙。陈承言不可点眼者，盖不知
此理也。
【附方】旧九，新十七。
暴心气痛∶鸡舌香末，
酒服一钱。（《肘后方》）
干霍乱痛，不吐不下∶
丁香十四枚，研末，以沸汤一升和之，顿服。不瘥更作。（思邈《千金方》）
小儿吐泻∶丁香、橘红等分，炼蜜丸黄豆大。米汤化下。（刘氏《小儿方》）
小儿呕吐不止∶丁香、生半夏各一钱，姜汁浸一夜，晒干为末，姜汁打面糊丸黍米大。
量大小，用姜汤下。《全幼心鉴》
婴儿吐乳∶小儿百日 内吐乳，或粪青色。
用年少妇人乳汁一盏，入丁香十枚，陈皮（去白）一钱，石器煎一、二十沸，细细与服。
（陈文中《小儿方》）
小儿冷疳，面黄腹大，食即吐者∶母丁香七枚，为末，乳汁和蒸三次，姜汤服之。（《卫
生易
胃冷呕逆，气厥不通∶母丁香三个，陈橘皮一块（去白焙），水煎，热服。（《十便良方》）。
反胃吐食∶《袖珍方》∶用母丁香一两为末，以盐梅入捣和，丸芡子大。每噙一丸。《圣
惠方》∶用母丁香、神曲（炒）等分，为末。米饮服一钱。朝食暮吐∶丁香十五个研末，甘
蔗汁、姜汁和，丸莲子大。噙咽之。（《摘玄方》）。
反胃关格，气噎不通∶丁香、木香各一两。每服四钱，水一盏半，煎一盏。先以黄泥做
成碗，滤药汁于内，食前服。此方乃掾史吴安之传于都事盖耘夫有效，试之果然。土碗取其
助脾也。（《德生堂经验方》）。
伤寒呃逆及哕逆不定∶丁香一两，干柿蒂（焙）一两，为末。每服一钱，煎人参汤下。
（《简要济众方》）
毒肿入腹∶鸡舌香、青木香、薰陆香、麝香各一两，水四升，煮二升，分二服。（《肘
后方》）。
食蟹致伤∶丁香末，姜汤服五分。（《证治要诀》）
妇人崩中昼夜不止∶丁香二两。酒二升，煎一升，分服。（《梅师方》）。
妇人难产∶母丁香三十六粒，滴乳香三钱六分，为末，同活兔胆和杵千下，丸作三十六
丸。每服一丸，好酒化下，立验。名如意丹。（《颐真堂经验方》）。
妇人阴冷∶母丁香末，纱囊盛如指大，纳入阴中，病即已。（《本草衍义》）。
鼻中息肉∶丁香绵裹纳之。（《圣惠方》）
风牙宣露，发歇口气∶鸡舌香、射干各一两，麝香一分，为末，日揩。（《圣济总录》）。
龋齿黑臭∶鸡舌香煮汁，含之。（《外台秘要》）。
唇舌生疮∶鸡舌香末，绵裹含之。（《外台》）。
乳头裂破∶丁香末，敷之。（《梅师方》）。
妒乳乳痈∶丁香末，水服方寸匕。（《梅师方》）。
痈疽恶肉∶丁香末，敷之，外以膏药护
桑蝎螫人∶丁香末，蜜调涂。（《圣惠方》）。
香衣辟汗∶丁香一两为末，川椒六十粒和之。
绢袋盛佩，绝无汗气。（《多能鄙事》）。
丁皮
时珍曰∶即树皮也。似桂皮而浓。
【气味】同香。
【主治】齿痛（李 ）。心腹冷气
枝
【主治】一切冷气，心腹胀满，恶心，泄泻虚滑，水谷不消（用枝杖七斤，肉豆蔻（面
煨）八斤，白面（炒）六斤，甘草（炒）十一斤，炒盐中三斤），为末。日
药院方》）。
根
【气味】辛，热，有毒。
【主治】风热毒肿。不入心腹之用（《开宝》）。
[Correction] Merge the records from *Kaibao Bencao* (Newly Revised Materia Medica) into the entry for "Jitexiang" (Clove Bud / Mother Clove) in *Mingyi Bielu* (Record of Famous Physicians).
[Names] Dingzixiang (from *Jiayou Supplement to Shennong Bencao Jing*), Jitexiang.
Chen Cangqi stated: Jitexiang and Dingxiang (Clove) are of the same species; flowers and fruits grow in clusters. The largest one in the center is called Jitexiang (when broken, it splits along the grain into two parts resembling a chicken's tongue, hence the name); this is actually the Mother Clove. Su Song stated: According to *Qimin Yaoshu* (Essential Techniques for the Welfare of the People), Jitexiang is commonly called Dingzixiang by laypeople because its shape resembles a nail.
Li Gong stated: The leaves and bark of the Jitexiang tree resemble those of the chestnut tree; the flowers resemble plum blossoms; the fruit resembles a date pit. This is the female tree and is not used for incense. The male tree blooms but does not bear fruit; its flowers are harvested and fermented to produce incense. It originates from Kunlun and south of Jiaozhou and Aizhou. Kou Zongshi stated: Dingxiang grows in Donghai and the Kunlun Kingdom.
Su Song stated: Dingxiang grows in Jiaozhou, Guangzhou, and foreign lands. According to *Guangzhou Tu*, the Dingxiang tree is over one zhang high, the wood resembles cinnamon, and the leaves resemble oak leaves. The flowers are round and small, yellow, and do not wither in winter. The fruit grows on the branch tips like a nail, three to four fen long, purple in color. Among them, those as large as cornelian cherry fruits are commonly called Mother Clove. The fruits and roots are harvested in February and August. Another account states: Flowers bloom in deep winter, and fruits are harvested the following spring.
Su Song stated: Regarding Jitexiang, *Tang Bencao* says its tree resembles chestnut; *Nanyue Zhi* says it is the flower of Agarwood; *Guang Zhi* says it is a fragrant creeping herb. The accounts are uncertain. Nowadays, people select woody fruits resembling date pits from Ru Xiang (Frankincense) to serve as Jitexiang. These are hard, stubborn, dry, completely odorless, and emit no fragrance when burned. Using them to treat Qi stagnation and halitosis is highly inappropriate and erroneous. How can they be called Jitexiang? Old physicians in the capital state that Jitexiang and Dingxiang are of the same species, with the largest being Jitexiang, i.e., Mother Clove. They are best for treating halitosis and effective for treating Qi stagnation. Ge Zhichuan’s *Bai Yi Fang* records: For sudden Qi-stabbing heart pain, take Jitexiang powder with wine. Also, the book *Baopuzi* records: Boil Jitexiang and Huanglian (Coptis Rhizome) in milk and apply to the eyes; it cures all eye eruptions and improves vision. The ancient formula Wuxiang Liaoqiao Tang for sores and carbuncles uses Jitexiang, whereas Sun Simiao’s *Qianjin Fang* uses Dingxiang instead of Jitexiang, suggesting they might be the same substance. The theory of harvesting flowers to ferment incense is unknown to anyone.
Shen Kuo stated: In his *Bi Tan* (Brush Talks), Shen Cunzhong recorded: When compiling *Lingyuan Fang*, based on Chen Cangqi’s *Shiyi*, I considered Jitexiang to be the mother of Dingxiang. However, current examination shows this is not entirely accurate; Jitexiang is Dingxiang. *Qimin Yaoshu* states Jitexiang is commonly named Dingzixiang. *Rihua Zi* states Dingxiang treats bad breath, which aligns with *Sanxing Gushi* recording that Han dynasty officials held Jitexiang in their mouths daily to ensure fragrant speech during memorials. Furthermore, *Qianjin Fang*’s Wuxiang Tang uses Dingxiang without Jitexiang, providing clear evidence. *Kaibao Bencao* redundantly lists Dingxiang, which is an error. Currently, people mistake the large, cornelian-cherry-sized items selected from Frankincense as Jitexiang; these have no scent and are useless for treating diseases.
Chen Cheng stated: *Jiayou Supplement* and Su Song’s *Tujing* cite various books identifying Jitexiang as Dingxiang. *Baopuzi* mentions it can be applied to the eyes. However, Dingxiang is likely unsuitable for ocular use, as it causes heat and foul odor when held in the mouth. The items selected from Frankincense, though odorless, lack the foul smell and possess properties to open the nine orifices. Various formulas use it for pediatric convulsions to facilitate the opening of the nine orifices.
Kou Zongshi stated: Dingxiang has male and female varieties. Males are smaller; females are as large as cornelian cherries, renamed Mother Clove, and are superior for medicinal use.
Li Shizhen stated: Males are Dingxiang, females are Jitexiang; various explanations are clear. Only Chen Cheng’s statement is extremely absurd. He did not know that the items selected from Frankincense are actually seeds of foreign dates, i.e., seeds of *Wulouzi* (see Fruit Section). Predecessors, unaware that Dingxiang is Jitexiang, mistakenly used this object to fill the gap. Dried Ginger and Saltpeter can be used for eye drops; Caoguo and Asafoetida are used by foreigners as food ingredients; therefore, what harm could there be in using Dingxiang for eye drops or holding in the mouth?
[Aroma and Flavor] Pungent, slightly warm, non-toxic. Li Shizhen stated: Pungent, warm.
[Indications] Wind-water toxic swelling, cholera-like heart pain, removal of evil Qi (*Mingyi Bielu*). Blown into the nose to kill brain-related gingival disease. Added to various incenses to make the body fragrant (Zhen Quan). Mixed with ginger juice and applied to remove white beard hairs.
Dingxiang (*Kaibao Bencao*)
[Aroma and Flavor] Pungent, warm, non-toxic.
Li Gao stated: Pure Yang nature. Enters the Hand Taiyin Lung Meridian, Foot Shaoyin Kidney Meridian, and Foot Yangming Stomach Meridian.
Kou Zongshi stated: Formulas mostly use female cloves for greater potency. If male cloves are used in ointment preparations, the clove buds must be removed, as they can cause back carbuncles in nursing mothers. Avoid fire. Incompatible with Yujin (Curcuma Aromatica Root).
[Indications] Warms the spleen and stomach, stops cholera distension, treats wind-toxic swellings, and dental caries. Can enhance the fragrance of other herbs (*Kaibao Bencao*). Treats wind-caries causing bone cavity odor, kills parasites, dispels evil, treats nipple fissures, stops five-colored toxic dysentery, and treats five types of hemorrhoids (Li Xun). Treats bad breath, cold Qi, cold consumption with regurgitation, ghost possession, gu poison, alcohol toxicity, eliminates phlegm masses, treats Kidney Qi, Pun Tun Qi (rushing Qi), genital pain, abdominal pain, strengthens yang, warms waist and knees (Kou Zongshi). Treats vomiting and hiccups with great efficacy (Baosheng). Removes stomach cold, regulates Yuan Qi. Do not take if Qi and Blood are abundant (Zhang Yuansu). Treats deficiency-type hiccups, pediatric vomiting and diarrhea, gastric deficiency in smallpox where pustules are grayish-white and fail to erupt.
[Elucidation] Li Gao stated: Combined with Wuweizi (Schisandra Berry) and Ezhu (Curcuma Zedoaria Rhizome) to treat Pun Tun Qi. It can also drain the lungs, tonify the stomach, and greatly treat kidney disorders.
Dingxiang has an especially fine aroma. Zhu Zhenheng stated: The mouth is located at the upper part, where Earth Qi emerges. If the Spleen has stagnant fire overflowing into the Lungs, losing its clarity and harmony, turbid Qi ascends, causing bad breath. Treating this with Dingxiang is like stirring boiling water to stop it (futile). Xiangru (Mosla Chinensis) treats it very effectively.
Li Shizhen stated: During the late Song Dynasty, Imperial Physician Chen Wenzhong treated pediatric smallpox cases lacking luster, failing to erupt, or presenting with distension, diarrhea, thirst, or shortness of breath—signs of deficiency in both exterior and interior. He used Muxiang San and Yigong San, doubling the dosage of Dingxiang and Guanzi Gui (Cinnamon Twig). Severe cases used 30-50 cloves and 1-2 qian of Cinnamon Twig. Some recovered. This aligns with Danxi Zhu’s principle that prescriptions must consider the cosmic timing (Cold Water ruling the sky) and severe winter suppressing Yang Qi, thus requiring pungent-hot agents to disperse it. If used abruptly without distinguishing Qi/Blood deficiency/excess or cold/heat meridians, it would certainly be fatal. Ge Hong’s *Baopuzi* states: For any disease manifesting in the eyes, boil Jitexiang, Huanglian, and milk and apply; all heal. This achieves the subtlety of pungent dispersal, bitter descent, and Yin nourishment. Chen Cheng’s claim that it cannot be dropped in the eyes stems from ignorance of this principle.
[Attached Prescriptions] 9 old, 17 new.
Sudden Heart Qi Pain: Take 1 qian of Jitexiang powder with wine. (*Zhouhou Fang*)
Dry Cholera Pain, unable to vomit or purge: Grind 14 Dingxiang into powder, mix with 1 sheng of boiling water, and drink at once. Repeat if not cured. (Sun Simiao, *Qianjin Fang*)
Pediatric Vomiting and Diarrhea: Equal parts Dingxiang and Juhong (Aged Tangerine Peel), refined honey pills sized like soybeans. Dissolve in rice soup before taking. (Liu Shi, *Xiao'er Fang*)
Incessant Pediatric Vomiting: 1 qian each of Dingxiang and Sheng Banxia (Raw Pinellia Tuber). Soak in ginger juice overnight, dry, grind to powder. Make pills sized like millet grains using ginger juice and wheat paste. Administer according to age with ginger soup. (*Quanyou Xinjian*)
Infant Regurgitation: Infants under 100 days old vomiting milk or passing green stool. Use 1 cup of breast milk from a young woman, add 10 Dingxiang and 1 qian of Chendi (dried tangerine peel, pith removed). Boil in a ceramic vessel for 10-20 boils. Feed slowly. (Chen Wenzhong, *Xiao'er Fang*)
Pediatric Cold Caries, Yellow Face, Distended Abdomen, Vomiting after Eating: 7 Mother Cloves, grind to powder, steam three times mixed with milk. Take with ginger soup. (*Weisheng Yijian Fang*)
Stomach Cold with Vomiting/Reflux, Qi Blockage: 3 Mother Cloves, 1 piece of Chendi (dried, pith removed). Decoct in water, take hot. (*Shibian Liangfang*)
Regurgitation/Vomiting Food: *Xiuzhen Fang*: 1 liang Mother Clove powder, pounded with salted plum, made into pills sized like euryale seeds. Hold one pill in the mouth. *Shenghui Fang*: Equal parts Mother Clove and Shenqu (fermented wheat), grind to powder. Take 1 qian with rice drink. Morning Food Evening Vomit: Grind 15 Dingxiang to powder, mix with cane juice and ginger juice, make pills sized like lotus seeds. Hold and swallow. (*Zhaixuan Fang*)
Regurgitation with Obstruction, Qi Choking: 1 liang each of Dingxiang and Muxiang (Costus Root). Take 4 qian per dose, decoct 1.5 cups of water to 1 cup. Filter through a bowl made of yellow clay before taking before meals. This formula was passed by Official Wu Anzhi to Ga Yunfu and proved effective. The clay bowl aids the spleen. (*Desengtang Jingyan Fang*)
Typhoid Hiccups and Indefinite Retching: 1 liang Dingxiang, 1 liang dried Persimmon Calyx (roasted). Grind to powder. Take 1 qian decocted in Ginseng soup. (*Jianyao Jizhong Fang*)
Toxic Swelling Entering Abdomen: 1 liang each of Jitexiang, Qingmuxiang (Vitalis Root), Xunluxiang (Frankincense), and Shexiang (Musk). Decoct 4 sheng of water to 2 sheng. Divide into two doses. (*Zhouhou Fang*)
Injury from Eating Crab: Take 5 fen of Dingxiang powder with ginger soup. (*Zhengzhi Yaojue*)
Metrorrhagia Day and Night: 2 liang Dingxiang. Decoct in 2 sheng of wine to 1 sheng. Divide and take. (*Meishi Fang*)
Difficult Labor: 36 Mother Cloves, 3.6 qian Dragon’s Milk (Dragon’s Blood Resin). Grind to powder, pound thoroughly with fresh rabbit gallbladder bile. Make 36 pills. Take 1 pill dissolved in good wine. Immediate effect. Named Ruyi Dan. (*Yizhentang Jingyan Fang*)
Female Genital Coldness: Powdered Mother Clove in a gauze bag, size of a finger. Insert into vagina. Cure. (*Bencao Yan yi*)
Nasal Polyps: Wrap Dingxiang in cotton and insert. (*Shenghui Fang*)
Wind Tooth Exposure, Intermittent Bad Breath: 1 liang each of Jitexiang and Shegan (Belamcanda Rhizome), 1 fen Shexiang. Grind to powder. Rub daily. (*Shengji Zonglu*)
Cavities with Black Odor: Boil Jitexiang in water and hold in mouth. (*Waitai Miyao*)
Sores on Lips and Tongue: Wrap Jitexiang powder in cotton and hold in mouth. (*Waitai*)
Cracked Nipples: Apply Dingxiang powder. (*Meishi Fang*)
Engorgement/Mastitis: Take 1 fangcun bi (square inch spoonful) of Dingxiang powder with water. (*Meishi Fang*)
Carbuncles with Foul Flesh: Apply Dingxiang powder, cover with plaster externally.
Scorpion Sting: Mix Dingxiang powder with honey and apply. (*Shenghui Fang*)
Perfumed Clothes to Repel Sweat: 1 liang Dingxiang powder mixed with 60 Sichuan Pepper grains. Wear in silk pouch. Completely repels sweat odor. (*Duoneng Bisshi*)
Dingpi (Cloves Bark)
Li Shizhen stated: This is the tree bark. Thicker than cinnamon bark.
[Aroma and Flavor] Same as the spice.
[Indications] Toothache (Li Xun). Cold Qi in heart and abdomen.
Branch
[Indications] All cold Qi, heart/abdominal distension, nausea, loose stools/watery diarrhea, indigestion. (Formula: 7 jin branches, 8 jin Rou Doukou (Nutmeg baked in flour), 6 jin Bai Mian (fried wheat flour), 11 jin Gancao (fried licorice), 3 jin fried salt. Grind to powder.) Daily administration. (Yaoyuan Fang)
Root
[Aroma and Flavor] Pungent, hot, toxic.
[Indications] Wind-heat toxic swelling. Not used internally for heart/abdomen (*Kaibao Bencao*).