（《纲目》）
【释名】佛桑（《霏雪录》）、朱槿（《草木状
时珍曰∶东海日出处有扶桑树。此花光艳照日，其叶似桑，因以比之。后人讹为佛桑，
乃木槿别种，故日及诸名亦与之同。
【集解】时珍曰∶扶桑产南方，乃木槿别种。其枝柯柔弱，叶深绿，微涩如桑。其花有
红、黄、白三色，红者尤贵，呼为朱槿。嵇含《草木状》云∶朱槿一名赤槿，一名日及，
出高凉郡。花、茎、叶皆如桑。其叶光而浓。木高四、五尺，而枝叶婆娑。其花深红色，五
出，大如蜀葵，重敷柔泽。有蕊一条，长于花叶，上缀金屑，日光所烁，疑若焰生。一丛之
上，日开数百朵，朝开暮落。自二月始，至中冬乃歇。插枝即活。
叶及花
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
【主治】痈疽腮肿，取叶或花，同白芙蓉叶、牛蒡叶、白蜜研膏敷之，即散（时
（《纲目》）
【校正】并入《图经》地芙蓉。
【释名】地芙蓉（《图经》）、木莲（《纲目》）
时珍曰∶此花艳如荷花，故有芙蓉、木莲之名。八、九月始开，故名拒霜。俗呼为 皮
树。《相如赋》谓之华木。注云∶皮可为索也。苏东坡诗云∶唤作拒霜犹未称，看来却是最
宜霜。苏颂《图经本草》有地芙蓉，云出鼎州，九月采叶，治疮
【集解】时珍曰；木芙蓉处处有之，插条即生，小木也。其干丛生如荆，高者丈许。
其叶大如桐，有五尖及七尖者，冬凋夏茂。秋半始着花，花类牡丹、芍药，有红者、白
者、黄者、千叶者，最耐寒而不落。不结实。山人取其皮为索。川、广有添色拒霜花，初开
白色，次日稍红，又明日则深红，先后相间如数色。霜时采花，霜后采叶，阴干入药。
叶并花
【气味】微辛，平，无毒。
【主治】清肺凉血，散热解毒，治一切大小痈疽肿毒恶疮，消肿排脓止痛（时
【发明】时珍曰∶芙蓉花并叶，气平而不寒不热，味微辛而性滑涎粘，其治痈肿之功
，殊有神效。近时疡医秘其名为清凉膏、清露散、铁箍散，皆此物也。其方治一切痈疽发背
，乳痈恶疮，不拘已成未成，已穿未穿。并用芙蓉叶，或根皮，或花，或生研，或干研末，
以蜜调涂于肿处四围，中间留头，干则频换。初起者，即觉清凉，痛止肿消。已成者，即脓
聚毒出。已穿者，即脓出易敛。妙不可言。或加生赤小豆末，尤妙。
【附方】新十。
久咳羸弱∶九尖拒霜叶为末，以鱼 蘸食，屡效。（危氏《得效方》）。
赤眼肿痛∶芙蓉叶末，水和，贴太阳穴。名清凉膏。（《鸿飞集》）。
经血不止∶拒霜花、莲蓬壳等分。为末。每用米饮下二钱。（《妇人良方》）。
偏坠作痛∶芙蓉叶、黄柏各三钱，为末。以木鳖子仁一个磨醋，调涂阴囊，其痛自止（《简
便方》）。
杖疮肿痛∶芙蓉花叶研末，入
痈疽肿毒∶重阳前取芙蓉叶研末，端午前取苍耳烧存性研末，等分，蜜水调，涂四围，
其毒自不走散。名铁井阑。（《简便方》）。
疔疮恶肿∶九月九日采芙蓉叶阴干为末，每以井水调贴。次日用蚰蜒螺一个，捣涂之。
（《普济方》）。
头上癞疮∶芙蓉根皮，为末。香油调敷。先以松毛、柳枝煎汤洗之。（傅滋《医学集成
》）。
汤火灼疮∶油调芙蓉末，敷之。（《奇效方》）。
灸疮不愈∶芙蓉花研末，敷之。（《奇效方》）。
一切疮肿∶木芙蓉叶、菊花叶，同煎水，频熏洗之。（《多能鄙事》）
(Compendium of Materia Medica)
[Names] Bosang (from *Feixue Lu*), Zhujin (from *Caomu Zhuang*)
Li Shizhen said: There is a Fusang tree at the place where the sun rises in the East Sea. This flower shines brightly like the sun, and its leaves resemble those of the mulberry, hence the name "Fusang" by comparison. Later generations mistakenly wrote it as "Bosang". It is a distinct variety of Hibiscus mutabilis (Confederate Rose), so other names such as "Riji" are also shared with it.
[Collected Explanations] Li Shizhen said: Fusang grows in the southern regions and is a different species from Hibiscus mutabilis. Its branches are tender and flexible, leaves are dark green, and the margins are slightly rough like mulberry leaves. The flowers come in red, yellow, and white colors; the red ones are especially prized and called Zhujin. Ji Han's *Caomu Zhuang* states: Zhujin is also known as Chijin or Riji, originating from Gao-liang Commandery. The flowers, stems, and leaves resemble those of the mulberry. The leaves are glossy and dense. The plant grows four to five chi high, with spreading branches and leaves. The flowers are deep red, with five petals, as large as Malva verticillata (Chinese Hollyhock), overlapping, soft, and smooth. There is a single stamen longer than the petals and leaves, tipped with golden dust; when illuminated by sunlight, it appears as if flames are generated. On one clump, hundreds of flowers open daily, blooming in the morning and falling in the evening. From February until mid-winter, it ceases growth. Cuttings root easily.
Leaves and Flowers
[Properties and Flavor] Sweet, neutral, non-toxic.
[Therapeutic Actions] Carbuncles and mumps: Take the leaves or flowers, grind them together with white Hibiscus mutabilis leaves, Arctii Fructus (Niu Bang Zi / Burdock fruit leaves), and white honey into a paste, and apply to the affected area to dissipate the swelling. (Li Shizhen's commentary incomplete)
(Compendium of Materia Medica)
[Correction] Merged with Di Furong from *Tu Jing Ben Cao*.
[Names] Di Furong (from *Tu Jing Ben Cao*), Mu Lian (from *Ben Cao Gang Mu*)
Li Shizhen said: This flower is as beautiful as the lotus, hence the names Furong and Mu Lian. It blooms in August and September, thus named Jushuang (Frost-Resisting). Commonly called Pi Shu (Skin Tree). Sima Xiangru referred to it as Hua Mu in his fu. The annotation states: The bark can be made into ropes. Su Dongpo wrote in his poem: Calling it Frost-Resisting is not quite fitting; it seems most suitable for enduring frost. Su Song's *Tu Jing Ben Cao* mentions Di Furong, stating it originates from Dingzhou, with leaves harvested in September to treat sores.
[Collected Explanations] Li Shizhen said: Hibiscus mutabilis (Confederate Rose) is found everywhere; cuttings take root easily. It is a small shrub. Its trunk grows in clusters like brambles, reaching up to one zhang in height. The leaves are as large as paulownia leaves, with five or seven points, shedding leaves in winter and flourishing in summer. It begins to bloom in mid-autumn. The flowers resemble peony and herbaceous peony, coming in red, white, yellow, and double-petaled varieties. It is highly cold-resistant and does not drop easily. It does not produce seeds. Local people harvest its bark to make ropes. In Sichuan and Guangdong, there is a color-changing Jushuang flower: initially white upon opening, slightly red the next day, and deep red on the third day, showing multiple colors sequentially. Flowers are harvested at the time of frost, and leaves after frost, then dried in the shade for medicinal use.
Leaves and Flowers
[Properties and Flavor] Slightly pungent, neutral, non-toxic.
[Therapeutic Actions] Clears the lungs and cools blood, disperses heat and detoxifies. Treats all kinds of carbuncles, ulcers, swellings, toxic sores, and malignant wounds; reduces swelling, discharges pus, and relieves pain. (Li Shizhen's commentary incomplete)
[Elucidation] Li Shizhen said: Both the flowers and leaves of Hibiscus mutabilis have a neutral qi that is neither cold nor hot, and a slightly pungent flavor with a slippery, viscous nature. Its efficacy in treating carbuncles and swellings is particularly miraculous. In recent times, surgeons have kept its name secret, calling it Qingliang Gao (Cooling Paste), Qinglu San (Clear Dew Powder), and Tiegu San (Iron Hoop Powder), all referring to this plant. These formulas treat all carbuncles, back abscesses, breast abscesses, and malignant sores, regardless of whether they have suppurated or ulcerated. Use Hibiscus mutabilis leaves, or root bark, or flowers, either freshly ground or dried and powdered. Mix with honey and apply around the periphery of the swelling, leaving the center (the head of the sore) exposed. Change frequently when dry. For early-stage cases, cooling is felt immediately, pain stops, and swelling subsides. For established cases, pus gathers and toxins exit. For ulcerated cases, pus drains and healing occurs easily. The effect is indescribable. Adding fresh powder of Adzuki Bean (Chi Xiao Dou) is even better.
[Attached Prescriptions] Ten new prescriptions.
Chronic cough with emaciation: Powder nine-pointed Jushuang leaves, dip fish in the powder, and eat. Frequently effective. (Wei Shi, *De Xiao Fang*).
Red eyes with swelling and pain: Powder Hibiscus mutabilis leaves, mix with water, and apply to the Taiyang acupoint. Named Qingliang Gao. (*Hong Fei Ji*).
Menstrual bleeding that does not stop: Equal parts of Jushuang flowers and lotus pod shells. Grind into powder. Take two qian each time with rice water. (*Fu Ren Liang Fang*).
Unilateral testicular swelling and pain: Three qian each of Hibiscus mutabilis leaves and Phellodendri Cortex (Huang Bo). Grind into powder. Grind one seed of Momordica cochinchinensis (Mu Bie Zi) kernel in vinegar, mix, and apply to the scrotum. Pain will cease spontaneously. (*Jian Bian Fang*).
Swelling and pain from beating injuries: Grind Hibiscus mutabilis flowers and leaves into powder, add... (text interrupted here)
Carbuncles and toxic swellings: Harvest Hibiscus mutabilis leaves before the Double Ninth Festival and powder them. Harvest Xanthium strumarium (Cang Er Zi) before the Dragon Boat Festival, burn until charred but retaining properties, and powder them. Mix equal parts, blend with honey water, and apply around the periphery. The toxin will naturally not spread. Named Tie Jing Lan. (*Jian Bian Fang*).
Malignant boils and severe swellings: Harvest Hibiscus mutabilis leaves on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, dry in the shade, and powder. Apply mixed well water each time. The next day, crush one Scutigera coleoptrata (You Yan / House Centipede) and apply. (*Pu Ji Fang*).
Scabies-like sores on the head: Powder the root bark of Hibiscus mutabilis. Mix with sesame oil and apply. First wash the area with decoction of pine needles and willow branches. (Fu Zi, *Yi Xue Ji Cheng*).
Scalds and burns: Mix Hibiscus mutabilis powder with oil and apply. (*Qi Xiao Fang*).
Moxibustion sores that do not heal: Powder Hibiscus mutabilis flowers and apply. (*Qi Xiao Fang*).
All kinds of sores and swellings: Decoct leaves of Hibiscus mutabilis and chrysanthemum leaves together. Steam and wash the affected area frequently. (*Duo Neng Bi Shi*)