（《纲目》）
【集解】时珍曰∶枣猫，古方无考，近世方广《丹溪心法附余
生枣树上飞虫也。大如枣子，青灰色，两角。采得，阴干用之。
【气味】缺。
【主治】小儿脐风。
时珍曰∶按方广云∶小儿初生，以绵裹脐带，离脐五、六寸扎定，咬断。以鹅翎筒送
药一、二分，入脐大孔，轻轻揉散。以艾炷灸脐头三壮。
结住勿打动，候其自落，永无脐风之患，万不失一。脐硬者用之，软者无病，不必用也。
其法用阴干枣猫儿（研末）三个，真珠（槌研）四十九粒，炒黄丹、白枯矾、蛤粉、血竭各
五分，研匀，如上法用。脐有三孔，一大二小也。
（《本经》下品）
【校正】陈藏器∶ 蝥虫系重出，今并为一。
【释名】斑蝥（《本经》）、龙尾（同上）、 蝥虫（《拾遗》）、龙蚝（音刺）。斑蚝。
时珍曰∶斑言其色，蝥刺言其毒，如矛刺也。亦作 蝥，俗讹为斑蝥，
也。《吴普本草》又名斑菌，曰 发，曰晏青。
【集解】《别录》曰∶斑蝥生河东川谷。八月取，阴干。
吴普曰∶生河内川谷，亦生水石。
保升曰∶斑蝥所在有之，七、八月大豆叶上甲虫也。长五、六分，黄黑斑纹，乌腹尖喙
。就叶上采取，阴干用。
弘景曰∶此一虫五变，主疗皆相似。二、三月在芫花上，即呼为芫青；四、五月在王不
留行草上，即呼为王不留行虫；六七月在葛花上，即呼为葛上亭长；八、九月在豆花上，即
呼为斑
豆，甲上有黄黑斑点；芫青，青黑色；亭长，身黑头赤。
曰∶芫青、斑蝥、亭长、赤头四件，样各不同，所居、所食、所效亦不同。芫青嘴尖
，背上有一画黄，在芫花上食汁；斑蝥背上一画黄，一画黑，嘴尖处有一小赤点，在豆叶上
食汁；亭长形黄黑，在葛叶上食汁；赤头身黑，额上有大红一点也。
颂曰∶四虫皆是一类，但随时变耳。《深师方》云∶四月、五月、六月为葛上亭长，七
月为斑蝥，九月、十月为地胆。今医家知用芫青、斑蝥，而地胆、亭长少使，故不得详也。
恭曰∶本草、古今诸方，并无王不留行虫。若陶氏所言，则四虫专在一处。今地胆出豳
州，芫青出宁州，亭长出雍州，斑蝥所在皆有。四虫出四处，可一岁周游四州乎？芫青、斑
蝥，形段相似，亭长、地胆，状貌大殊。且豳州地胆三月至十月采自草菜上，非地中取，陶
盖浪言尔。
时珍曰∶按∶《本经》、《别录》，四虫采取时月，正与陶说相合。《深师方》用亭长，
注亦同。自是一类，随其所居、所出之时而命名尔。苏恭强辟，陶说亦自欠明。按∶《太平
御览》引《神农
中为地胆（黑头赤尾）。其说甚明，而唐、宋校正者反失收取，更致纷纭，何哉？陶氏之王
不
留行虫，雷氏之赤头，方药未有用者。要皆此类，固可理推。余见地胆。
【修治】 曰∶凡斑蝥、芫青、亭长、地胆修事，并用糯米、小麻子相拌炒，至米黄黑
色取出，去头、足、两翅，以血余裹，悬东墙角上一夜，至明用之，则毒去也。
大明曰∶入药须去翅、足，糯米炒熟，不可生用，即吐泻人。
时珍曰∶一法用麸炒过，醋煮用之也。
【气味】辛，寒，有毒。
普曰∶神农∶辛。岐伯∶咸。扁鹊∶甘，有大毒。马刀为之使，畏巴豆、丹参、空青。
恶肤青、甘草、豆花。
时珍曰∶斑蝥、芫青、亭长、地胆之毒，靛汁、黄连、黑豆、葱、茶，皆能解之。
【主治】寒热，鬼疰蛊毒，鼠 ，恶疮疽，蚀死肌，破石癃（《本经》）。
治疥癣，堕胎（《别录》）。治瘰 ，通利水道（甄权）。疗淋疾，敷恶疮 烂（《日华》）。
治疝瘕，解疔毒、 犬毒、沙虱毒、蛊毒、
【发明】宗 曰∶妊娠人不可服之，为溃人肉。治淋方多用，极苦人，须斟酌之。
时珍曰∶斑蝥，人获得之，尾后恶气射出，臭不可闻。故其入药亦专主走下窍，直至精
溺之处，蚀下败物，痛不可当。葛氏云∶凡用斑蝥，取其利小便，引药行气，以毒攻毒是矣。
杨登甫云∶瘰 之毒，
莫不有根，大抵以斑蝥、地胆为主。制度如法，能使其根从小便中出，
或如粉片，或如血块，或如烂肉，皆其验也。但毒之行，小便必涩痛不可当，以木通、滑石
、灯心辈导之。又葛洪《肘后方》云∶《席辩刺史传》云∶凡中蛊毒，用斑蝥虫四枚，去翅
、足炙熟，桃皮五月初五日采取。去黑皮阴干，大戟去骨，各为末。如斑蝥一分，二味各用
二分，合和枣核大，以米清饮服之，必吐出蛊。一服不瘥，十日更服。此蛊洪州最多，有老
妪解疗之，一人获缣二十匹，秘方不传。后有子孙犯法，黄华公若于则时为都督，因而得之
也。
【附方】旧六，新九。
内消瘰 ，不拘大人小儿∶《经验方》∶用斑蝥一两（去翅、足），以粟一升同炒，米焦
去
米不用，入干薄荷四两为
一丸，减至一丸后，每日五丸，以消为度。《广利》∶治瘰 经久不瘥。用斑蝥一枚，去翅、
足，微炙，以浆水一盏，空
疮有虫∶八月中多取斑蝥，以苦酒浸半日，晒干。每用五个，（铜器炒熟为末），巴豆
一粒，黄犬背上毛二七根（炒研），朱砂
痈疽拔脓，痈疽不破，或破而肿硬无脓∶斑蝥为末，以蒜捣膏，和水一豆许，贴之。少
顷脓出，即去药。（《直指》）
疔肿拔根∶斑蝥一枚捻破，以针划疮上，作米字形样，封之，即出根也。（《外台》
血疝便毒∶不拘已成、未成，随即消散。斑蝥三个（去翅、足，炒），滑石三钱，同研，
分作三服。空心白汤下，日一服，毒从小便出。如痛，以车前、木通、泽泻、猪苓煎饮，名
破毒饮，甚效。（东垣方）
积年癣疮∶《外台》∶用斑蝥半两，微炒为末，蜜调敷之。《永类》∶用斑蝥七个，醋浸，
露一夜，搽之。
面上 大风，面上有紫 未消∶用干斑蝥末，以生
。以软帛拭去药，以棘针挑破，近下令水出干。不得剥其疮皮，及不可以药近口、眼。若
是尖 子，即勿用此，别用胆矾末合药以治之。（《圣济总录》）
疣痣黑子∶斑蝥三个，人言少许。以糯米五钱，炒黄，去米，入蒜一个，捣烂点之。
疯狗咬伤∶《卫生易简方》云∶此乃九死一生之病。急用斑蝥七枚，以糯米炒黄，去米
为末。酒
无狗形，永不再发也，累试累验。《医方大成》∶用大斑蝥三七枚，去头、翅、足，用糯米一
勺，略炒过，
只以米为粉。用冷水入清
油少许，空心调服。须臾再进一服，以小便利下毒物为度。如不利，再进。利后肚疼，急用
冷水调青靛服之，以解其毒，
否则有
中沙虱毒∶斑蝥二枚∶一枚末服；一枚烧至烟尽，研末，敷疮中，立瘥。（《肘后》）
塞耳治聋∶斑蝥（炒）二枚，
惠方》）
妊娠胎死∶斑蝥一枚，烧研水服，即下。（《广利方》）
(Compendium of Materia Medica)
[Collected Explanations] Li Shizhen said: Zaomao (Jujube Cat), cannot be verified in ancient prescriptions. Fang Guang's *Fuyu of Danxi Xinfa* records that it is a flying insect born on jujube trees. It is as large as a jujube, greyish-green in color, with two horns. After collection, dry it in the shade for use.
[Flavor and Properties] Missing.
[Indications] Infantile tetanus (Xiao'er Qifeng).
Li Shizhen said: According to Fang Guang: When an infant is just born, wrap the umbilical cord with cotton, tie it tightly five or six cun away from the navel, and bite off the cord. Use a goose feather tube to deliver one or two fen of medicine into the large hole of the navel, and gently rub it to disperse. Then moxibustion with three moxa cones on the navel head should be performed. Keep it tied and do not disturb it; wait for it to fall off naturally. This will permanently prevent infantile tetanus, with absolute certainty. Use this method if the navel area is hard; if soft, there is no disease, and it is not necessary to use it. The method uses three dried Zaomao (ground into powder), forty-nine pearls (crushed and ground), five fen each of calcined yellow danting (Huangdanting), white burnt alum (Baikufan), clam powder (Gafen), and dragon's blood (Xuejie), ground uniformly. Apply according to the above method. There are three holes in the navel, one large and two small.
(The Divine Farmer's Materia Medica, Lower Grade)
[Correction] Chen Cangqi pointed out: Maochong (Mao Insect) is a duplicate entry; now merged into one category.
[Names] Banmao (from *Benjing*), Longwei (same source), Maochong (from *Shiyi*), Longhao (pronounced "ci"). Banhao.
Li Shizhen said: "Ban" refers to its color; "Mao ci" refers to its toxicity, like a spear thrust. It is also written as Mao, commonly miswritten as Banmao. *Wu Pu Bencao* also calls it Banjun, or Fa, or Yanqing.
[Collected Explanations] *Bielu* states: Banmao grows in the rivers and valleys of Hedong. Harvest in August and dry in the shade.
Wu Pu said: It grows in the rivers and valleys of Henei, and also among water stones.
Baosheng said: Banmao is found everywhere; it is a beetle on soybean leaves in July and August. It is five to six fen long, with yellow and black spots, a black abdomen, and a sharp beak. Collect it directly from the leaves and dry in the shade for use.
Hongjing said: This insect undergoes five transformations, and its main therapeutic effects are similar. In February and March, when on spiderwort flowers, it is called Yuanqing; in April and May, on Impatiens balsamina, it is called Wangbuliuxingchong; in June and July, on kudzu flowers, it is called Ge Shang Tingzhang; in August and September, on bean flowers, it is called Banmao, with yellow and black spots on its shell; Yuanqing is bluish-black; Tingzhang has a black body and red head.
Song said: Yuanqing, Banmao, Tingzhang, and Chitou are four different types, differing in habitat, diet, and efficacy. Yuanqing has a sharp beak and a yellow stripe on its back, feeding on spiderwort sap; Banmao has a yellow and a black stripe on its back and a small red dot at the beak tip, feeding on bean leaf sap; Tingzhang is yellow and black, feeding on kudzu leaf sap; Chitou has a black body and a large red spot on its forehead.
Song said: These four insects belong to the same category but change with the seasons. *Shen Shi Fang* states: From April to June it is Ge Shang Tingzhang, in July it is Banmao, and in September and October it is Didan. Modern physicians know to use Yuanqing and Banmao, but rarely use Didan and Tingzhang, hence the lack of detailed explanation.
Gong said: Neither Bencao nor ancient and modern prescriptions mention Wangbuliuxingchong. If Tao Hongjing's statement were true, these four insects would appear only in one place. Currently, Didan comes from Binzhou, Yuanqing from Ningzhou, Tingzhang from Yongzhou, and Banmao is found everywhere. Can four insects originating from four places travel around these four provinces in a year? Yuanqing and Banmao have similar shapes, while Tingzhang and Didan look very different. Moreover, Didan from Binzhou is harvested from herbs between March and October, not from the ground; Tao Hongjing was likely speaking loosely.
Li Shizhen said: According to *Benjing* and *Bielu*, the harvesting times for these four insects exactly match Tao Hongjing's description. *Shen Shi Fang* uses Tingzhang, and the annotation is the same. They are essentially the same category, named differently based on their habitat and time of emergence. Su Gong strongly refuted this, and Tao Hongjing's explanation was indeed unclear. According to *Taiping Yulan* citing *Shennong Bencao Jing*, one type is called Didan (black head, red tail) during a specific period. This explanation is clear, yet Tang and Song correctors failed to adopt it, causing further confusion. Why? Wangbuliuxingchong mentioned by Tao Hongjing and Chitou mentioned by Lei Xiao are not used in prescriptions. They are likely all of this kind, which can be deduced logically. I discuss Didan in detail elsewhere.
[Processing] Lei Xiao said: For processing Banmao, Yuanqing, Tingzhang, and Didan, mix them with glutinous rice and hemp seeds, stir-fry until the rice turns yellow-black, then remove. Discard the head, feet, and wings. Wrap in human hair and hang on the east corner of a wall overnight. Use the next day to eliminate toxicity.
Daming said: For medicinal use, wings and feet must be removed. Stir-fry with glutinous rice until cooked; do not use raw, as it causes vomiting and diarrhea.
Li Shizhen said: Another method is to stir-fry with bran and then decoct with vinegar.
[Flavor and Properties] Acrid, cold, toxic.
Pu said: Shennong considered it acrid. Qibo considered it salty. Bian Que considered it sweet with high toxicity. Madao is its guiding herb; it is incompatible with croton seed (Badou), salvia (Danshen), and azurite (Kongqing). It is antagonistic to skin azure (Fuqing), licorice (Gancao), and bean flowers.
Li Shizhen said: The toxicity of Banmao, Yuanqing, Tingzhang, and Didan can be neutralized by indigo juice, rhubarb (Huanglian), black beans, scallions, and tea.
[Indications] Chills and fever, Gui Zhu Gu Du (ghostly fixation and gu poison), Shu Lou (scrofula), malignant sores and carbuncles, eroding dead flesh, breaking urinary retention due to stones (*Benjing*).
Treats tinea and ringworm, induces abortion (*Bielu*). Treats scrofula, promotes urination (Zhen Quan). Treats strangury, applies to malignant ulcers and rotting sores (*Rihua*).
Treats hernia and masses, resolves Ding Du (carbuncle toxin), rabies, sand louse poison, and gu poison.
[Elucidation] Zongshi said: Pregnant women should not take it, as it corrodes human flesh. It is often used in formulas for strangury; it is extremely bitter, so caution is needed for weak patients.
Li Shizhen said: When caught, Banmao emits a foul odor from its tail, which is unbearable. Therefore, in medicine, it specifically targets the lower orifices, reaching the areas of semen and urine, eroding decaying matter there, causing unbearable pain. Ge Hong said: Using Banmao utilizes its diuretic effect to guide medicinal qi and attack toxicity with toxicity, which is correct. Yang Dengfu said: The toxicity of scrofula always has a root, generally using Banmao and Didan as the main agents. If processed correctly, it can expel the root through urination, appearing as powder flakes, blood clots, or rotten meat, which are signs of efficacy. However, when the toxicity acts, urination becomes涩 painful. Use Tong Cao (Akebia stem), Talcum (Huashi), and Juncus (Dengxin) to guide the flow. Additionally, Ge Hong's *Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang* states: *Xi Bian Cishi Zhuan* records: For gu poison, use four Banmao, remove wings and feet, roast thoroughly. Take peach bark collected on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, remove the black skin, dry in the shade, and process Da Xie (Euphorbia) by removing bones. Grind each into powder. Mix one part Banmao with two parts of each of the other two ingredients. Form into a pill the size of a jujube pit. Take with rice wine. It will surely vomit out the gu poison. If not cured after one dose, repeat after ten days. Gu poison is most common in Hongzhou. An old woman could cure it; one person received twenty bolts of silk for the secret recipe, which was not passed down. Later, her descendants broke the law. Huang Hua Gong Ruoyu, then Governor, obtained it.
[Attached Prescriptions] Six old, nine new.
Internally resolve scrofula, regardless of adult or child: *Jingyan Fang*: Use one liang of Banmao (remove wings and feet), stir-fry with one sheng of millet. When millet is scorched, discard the millet. Add four liang of dried mint. Make into pills. Reduce dosage to one pill, then take five pills daily until resolved. *Guangli Fang*: Treats chronic scrofula not healing. Use one Banmao, remove wings and feet, lightly roast. Decoct in one cup of sour water. Take on an empty stomach.
Ulcers with worms: In mid-August, collect many Banmao. Soak in vinegar for half a day, then dry. Use five each time (stir-fry in copper vessel until cooked, grind into powder). Mix with one Croton seed (Ba Dou) and fourteen hairs from the back of a yellow dog (stir-fry and grind). Apply to the lesion.
Carbuncles and abscesses to draw out pus: If unbroken or broken but swollen/hard without pus: Grind Banmao into powder. Mix with garlic paste and a small amount of water (size of a bean). Apply to the site. Pus will emerge shortly; remove the medicine immediately. (*Zhizhi Fang*)
Drawing out roots of Ding swelling: Crush one Banmao. Mark the ulcer with a needle in a rice-grain pattern. Seal it, and the root will emerge. (*Waitai Mi Yao*)
Blood hernia and groin abscess: Whether formed or not, dissipate immediately. Use three Banmao (remove wings/feet, stir-fry) and three qian of Talcum (Huashi). Grind together. Divide into three doses. Take on an empty stomach with plain water. Toxicity exits via urine. If painful, decoct Plantago (Cheqian), Akebia (Mutong), Alisma (Zexie), and Polyporus (Zhu Ling) to drink. Named Podu Yin (Poison-Breaking Drink), very effective. (Dong Yuan Formula)
Chronic tinea: *Waitai Mi Yao*: Use half a liang of Banmao, lightly stir-fry and grind. Mix with honey and apply. *Yonglei Qianfang*: Use seven Banmao, soak in vinegar, expose overnight, and apply.
Facial leprosy-like conditions, purple macules on face not resolved: Use dry Banmao powder. Apply with fresh ginger juice. Wipe off medicine with soft cloth. Prick with a thorn to let fluid drain and dry. Do not peel the crust. Avoid applying near mouth and eyes. If it is a pointed boil, do not use this; instead use Chalcanthite (Danfan) powder mixed with medicine. (*Shengji Zonglu*)
Warts, moles, black nevi: Three Banmao, a small amount of Arsenic Trioxide (Renyan). Stir-fry five qian of glutinous rice until yellow, discard rice. Add one clove of garlic, crush, and apply to the spot.
Mad dog bite: *Weisheng Yijian Fang* says: This is a fatal disease. Urgently use seven Banmao, stir-fry with glutinous rice until yellow, discard rice, and grind. Take with wine. If no dog shape appears, it will never recur. Tested repeatedly with success. *Yifang Dacheng*: Use twenty-one large Banmao, remove head, wings, feet. Stir-fry one spoon of glutinous rice slightly. Only use the rice flour. Mix with cold water and a little clear oil. Take on an empty stomach. Repeat after a short while. Stop when toxic matter is excreted via urine. If no urination, repeat. If abdominal pain occurs after urination, urgently take indigo mixed with cold water to detoxify; otherwise, life is at risk.
Sand louse poisoning: Two Banmao. One ground and taken orally; one burned until smoke disappears, ground, and applied to the wound. Immediate recovery. (*Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang*)
Ear blockage treating deafness: Two roasted Banmao, inserted into the ear. (*Hui Fang*)
Dead fetus in pregnancy: One Banmao, burned and ground, taken with water. Fetus will be expelled. (*Guangli Fang*)