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(From *Bencao Gangmu*)

[Quju]

[Names] Stinking Orange.

[Collection of Explanations] Li Shizhen said: Quju grows everywhere. Its trunk and leaves are the same as those of the orange tree, but the trunk has more thorns. In March, it opens white flowers with green stamens that have no fragrance. The fruit is as large as a pellet, shaped like Zhi Shi (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus) but with thinner skin and no fragrance. People often plant it as a hedge, or collect its small fruits to pass off as Zhi Shi and Qing Ju Pi (Green Tangerine Peel), which must be distinguished carefully.

Leaves
[Flavor and Nature] Pungent, Warm, Non-toxic.
[Indications] Treats dysentery with pus and blood, and tenesmus. Mix equal parts with Bi Xie (Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizoma), stir-fry until carbonized but retaining original nature, grind into powder. Take two qian each time, mixed with tea. Also treats Hou Bi (Throat Obstruction), reduces swelling, and guides out toxins (Li Shizhen).
[Attached Formulas] One new formula.
Strange Throat Disease: Sores grow in the throat, layer upon layer, painless, with foul odor discharging from holes after a long time, leading to inability to eat or drink. Decoct leaves of Stinking Orange and take continuously; it will surely heal. (Xia Zi Yi, *Qibing Fang*)

Thorns
[Indications] Wind-worm toothache. Decoct one he every time and hold in the mouth (Li Shizhen).

Ju He (Orange Seeds)
[Indications] Intestinal wind with continuous bleeding. Mix equal parts with Chu Gen Bai Pi (Toosendan Radicis Cortex), stir-fry and grind. Take one qian each time, taken with decoction of Suan Jia Zi (Gleditsiae Sinensis Semen).
[Attached Formulas] One new formula.
Whole-body itching due to white rashes: Finely chop small Quju, stir-fry with wheat bran until yellow, and grind into powder. Take two qian each time, soak in wine for a short while, then drink the wine. Initially, wash the affected area with Quju decoction. (*Jiuji Fang*)

Bark
[Indications] Stroke causing stiffness and inability to flex or extend. Finely cut one sheng, add two sheng of wine, soak overnight. Warm and take half sheng daily. Make again when the wine is finished (Li Shizhen).

[Zhi Zi]

(Middle Grade in *Shennong Bencao Jing*)

[Names] Mu Dan (*Bencao Jing*), Yue Tao (*Beilu*).
Li Shizhen said: Zhi is a wine vessel. Zhi Zi resembles it, hence the name. Commonly written as Zhi. Sima Xiangru wrote in his fu: "Xian Zhi Huang Li." The annotation says: "Xian Zhi is Zhi Zi." Buddhist texts call its flower "Bu," Xie Lingyun called it Lin Lan, and Zeng Duanbo called it Chan You. Some say: "Bu is golden-colored, not Zhi Zi."

[Collection of Explanations] *Beilu* says: Zhi Zi grows in the rivers and valleys of Nanyang. Collect fruits in September and dry in the sun.
There are three types with slight differences; those with seven ridges are superior. Harvest only after frost; dyers use them, but they are rarely used in medicine.
The tree is seven or eight chi high. Leaves are thick and hard like plum leaves, or like Chupu seeds. Fruits form in summer and autumn, resembling He Zi, green when raw and yellow when ripe, with kernels inside... According to *Nanshi*, "A thousand stones of Zhi and Qian are equivalent to a marquisate of a thousand households," indicating great profit. For medicinal use, Shan Zhi Zi (Mountain Gardenia) is used, also known as Yue Tao in medical books. Those with thin skin, round and small shape, and seven to nine ridges are best. Those that are large and long are called Fusshi by Lei Xiao in *Paozhi Lun*.
Li Shizhen said: Zhi Zi leaves resemble rabbit ears, dense and dark green, flourishing in spring and withering in autumn. Flowers in early summer, as large as a wine cup, with white petals and yellow stamens. Skin is thin, seeds fine with hairs. Harvest after frost. In Shu, there is Hong Zhi Zi (Red Gardenia); its flowers rot red, and dyeing with its fruit yields ochre-red color.

[Processing] Lei Xiao said: When using, select those resembling quail brains and having nine red lines on top. First remove skin and hairs, take the kernel, soak in licorice water overnight, drain, bake dry, grind and sieve into powder. Zhu Zhenheng said: For upper and middle jiao disorders, use with shell; for lower jiao, remove shell, wash away yellow fluid, and stir-fry before use. For blood diseases, use charred black.

[Flavor and Nature] Bitter, Cold, Non-toxic.
*Beilu* says: Great Cold. Zhang Yuansu said: Thin qi and strong flavor, light and clear ascending, floating qi and descending flavor, Yin within Yang. Wang Haogu said: Sinking, Yin. Enters Hand Taiyin Lung Meridian Blood aspect. *Dan Shu* says: Zhi Zi softens Metal.

[Indications] Evil Qi in five viscera, Heat Qi in stomach, facial redness and rhinophyma, Bai Lai (White Leprosy), Chi Lai (Red Leprosy), sores and ulcers (*Bencao Jing*). Treats red hot painful eyes, excessive heat in chest, heart, large and small intestines, and mental restlessness (*Beilu*). Removes Heat-Toxic Wind, eliminates epidemic heat, resolves five types of jaundice, promotes urination in five stranguries, unblocks urination, resolves thirst, brightens eyes, treats Zhong E (Sudden Evil), kills insect poison (Zhen Quan). Resolves Yu Zhi... treats aphonia, Zidian Feng (Purple Spots Dermatitis) (Meng Shen). Treats mental restlessness and insomnia, blood stagnation below navel with difficult urination (Zhang Yuansu). Drains Fire of Sanjiao, clears Stomach collateral blood, treats Heat-Jue Heartache, resolves Heat-Stagnation, moves Knotted Qi (Zhu Zhenheng). Treats hematemesis, epistaxis, bloody dysentery, hematuria, traumatic blood stasis, as well as post-febrile relapse from overwork, Heat-Jue headache, hernia, scalds and burns (Li Shizhen).

[Invention/Analysis] Zhang Yuansu said: Zhi Zi is light and floats like Lung, red in color like Fire, thus it can drain Fire from the Lung.
Its uses are fourfold: first, clearing Guest-Heat in Heart Meridian; second, removing irritability; third, removing Upper Jiao Deficient-Heat; fourth, treating Wind.
Zhu Zhenheng said: Zhi Zi drains Fire of Sanjiao and Fire-Evil in masses, most effectively clearing Stomach collateral blood. Its nature curves downward, capable of descending Fire and excreting it via urine. For heartache lasting a while, warming and dispersing methods should not be used, as they反而会 assist Fire-Evil. Thus, ancient formulas often use Zhi Zi to guide Heat-draining herbs, allowing Evil to subside easily and disease to recede.
Li Dongyuan said: Materia Medica does not state Zhi Zi induces vomiting, yet Zhang Zhongjing used it as an emetic. Zhi Zi is inherently not an emetic; because Evil Qi is in the upper part and rejects acceptance, inducing vomiting causes Evil to exit, which is what is meant by "Those high above should be evacuated upwards." Some use it to promote urination, but actually it is not directly promoting urination, but clearing Lung. When Lung is clear, transformation occurs, and Bladder, the mansion of fluids, obtains this Qi-transformation to excrete urine. Materia Medica states it treats Large and Small Intestine Heat because Xin combines with Geng, and also with Bing, and can drain Wu Earth, entering the Central Region first. Zhang Zhongjing used Zhizi Chi Tang for irritability; Fan is Qi issue, Zao is Blood issue. Qi governs Lung, Blood governs Kidney. Thus, Zhi Zi treats Lung-Fan, and Chi...
Wang Haogu said: Zhang Zhongjing considered Zhi Zi red in color and bitter in taste, entering Heart to treat Fan; Chi Sao is black in color and salty in taste, entering Kidney to treat Zao.
Kou Zongshi said: Zhang Zhongjing treated post-sweating, vomiting, or purging in Shanghan where deficiency leads to irritability and insomnia; if severe, tossing and turning with mental restlessness, Zhizi Chi Tang is used. Because it is deficiency, Da Huang is not used due to cold toxicity. Although Zhi Zi is cold, it is non-toxic. It treats Stomach Heat; since blood and fluids are lost, viscera lack nourishment, generating internal Deficient-Heat, which cannot be removed without this herb. It also treats lingering Heat in Heart Meridian with red, scanty urination. Use peeled Zhi Zi (fire-roasted), Da Huang, Lian Qiao, and Zhi Gan Cao in equal parts, grind to powder, decoct three qian in water to take, with no adverse effects.
For Jaundice, use Zhi Zi, Yin Chen, Gan Cao, and Chi Sao decocted as tea. For post-illness relapse from overwork, use Zhi Zi and Shu Shi decoctions to promote urination and cure. There are many such formulas, too numerous to list.

[Attached Formulas] Ten old, seventeen new.
Epistaxis: Burn Shan Zhi Zi to ash and insufflate into nose. Effective with repeated use. (Li Jushi, *Jianyi Fang*).
Urinary Retention: Fourteen Zhi Zi Ren, one single-head garlic, a little Cang Yan. Pound and paste onto umbilicus and scrotum; patency achieved after a while. (*Puji Fang*).
Hematuria with Astringent Pain: Raw Shan Zhi Zi powder and Hua Shi in equal parts, taken with Scallion Decoction. (*Jingyan Liangfang*).
Bloody Dysentery: Zhi Zi Ren, burned to ash, taken with water, one qian bi. (*Shiliao Bencao*).
Blood Loss from Alcohol Toxicity: Old Shan Zhi Zi Ren, baked and ground. Take one qian bi with fresh drawn water. (*Shenghui Fang*).
Heat-Toxic Bloody Dysentery: Fourteen Zhi Zi, remove skin, grind to powder, honey-pill sized as wutong seeds. Take three pills each time, three times a day, highly effective. Can also be decocted in water. (*Zhouhou Fang*).
Dysentery at Childbirth: Zhi Zi, burned and ground, taken with warm wine on empty stomach, one spoonful. Severe cases resolve within five doses. (*Shengjin Fang*).
Female Fetal Edema due to Damp-Heat: One he of Shan Zhi Zi, stir-fried and ground. Take two or three qian each time, with rice drink. Pill form is also acceptable. (*Danxi Zuanyao*).
Hot Water Edema: Stir-fried and ground Shan Zhi Zi Ren, taken with rice drink, three qian. If Upper Jiao Heat, use with shell. (*Danxi Zuanyao*).
Cholera with Muscle Cramps, Abdominal Distension, Before Vomiting/Purging: Fourteen Zhi Zi, burned and ground, taken with cooked wine for immediate effect.
Cold-Heat Abdominal Pain with Stabbing Sensation, Loss of Appetite: Equal parts Shan Zhi Zi and Chuan Wu Tou, raw ground to powder, pilled with wine paste size of wutong seeds. Take fifteen pills each time, with Ginger Decoction. For lower abdominal pain, use Fennel Decoction. (*Boji Fang*). Stomach Epigastric Fire Pain: Seven or nine large Shan Zhi Zi, stir-fried until charred (*Danxi Zuanyao*).
Five Viscera Qi Disorders, Nourishing Shaoyin Blood: Charred black Zhi Zi ground to powder, decocted with ginger, drinking is very rapid. (*Danxi Zuanyao*).
Wushi Zhu Disease: Sudden stabbing pain in heart and hypochondrium, lingering without cessation. Thirty-seven Zhi Zi, burned to powder, taken with water. (*Zhouhou Fang*).
Food Relapse after Heat Disease and Post-Coital Crisis Leading to Death-like State, Inability to Speak: Thirty Zhi Zi, three sheng water, decoct to one sheng and take, induce mild sweating. (*Meishi Fang*).
Pediatric Mania: Accumulated Heat below, body heat, mania, coma, refusal to eat. Seven Zhi Zi Ren, five qian Chi Sao, one盏 water, decoct to seven tenths and take. May vomit or not, immediate effect. (Yan Xiaozhong).
Intussusception/Cord Torsion: Half liang Yue Tao Ren, a little Cao Wu Tou, stir-fried together, remove Cao Wu, add one qian Bai Zhi, grind to powder. Take half qian each time, with Fennel, Scallion, and White Wine. (*Puji Fang*).
Red Eyes with Constipation: Seven Shan Zhi Zi. Drill holes, roast until cooked, one sheng water, decoct to half sheng, strain, add three qian Da Huang powder, take warm. (*Puji Fang*).
Food Passing Straight Through: Twenty Zhi Zi, slightly stir-fried, remove skin, decoct in water and take. (*Guai Zheng Qi Fang*).
Unbearable Headache due to Wind-Phlegm: Zhi Zi powder mixed with honey, apply thickly on tongue; stops upon vomiting. (*Bingbu Shouji*).
Rhinophyma on Nose: Zhi Zi stir-fried and ground, mixed with yellow beeswax, pill size of pellet. Take one pill each time, chew with fine tea, twice daily. Avoid alcohol, bran, fried foods.
Flame Erysipelas: Pound Zhi Zi, mix with water and apply. (*Meishi Fang*).
Fire Blister Not Yet Raised: Zhi Zi Ren burned and ground, mixed with sesame oil, applied and sealed. If blister formed, burn white sugar to ash and powder it. (*Qianjin Fang*).
Ringworm in Eyebrows: Zhi Zi burned and ground, mixed with oil and applied. (*Baoyou Daquan*).
Fractures and Swelling/Pain: Zhi Zi and white flour pounded together, applied, very effective. (*Jijian Fang*).
Dog Bite: Zhi Zi Pi (burned and ground) and Shi Liu Huang in equal parts...
Scalds and Burns: Zhi Zi powder mixed with egg white, sweep thickly on. (*Jiuji Fang*).

[Flower]
[Indications] Beautifies complexion; used in face cream in *Qianjin Yifang* (Li Shizhen).

[Appendix] Mu Ji. Chen Cangqi said: Grows in mountains. Leaves resemble Zhi Zi. Flavor pungent,