（音齐尼，并上声。《别录》中品）
【校正】并入《图经》杏参。
【释名】杏参（《图经》）、杏叶沙参（《救荒》）、 （ ，音底。《尔雅》）、甜桔梗（《纲
目》）、白面根（《救荒》），苗名隐忍。
时珍曰∶荠 多汁，有济 之状，故以名之。济 ，浓露也。其根如沙参而叶如杏，
故河南人呼为杏叶沙参。苏颂《图经》杏参，即此也。俗谓之甜桔梗。《尔雅》云∶ ，
也。郭璞云∶即荠 也。隐忍，说见下文。
【集解】弘景曰∶荠 根茎都似人参，而叶小异，根味甜绝，能杀毒。以其与毒药共处，
毒皆自然歇，不正入方家用也。又曰∶魏文帝言荠 乱人参，即此也。
荠 叶甚似桔梗，但叶下光明滑泽无毛为异，又不如人参相对耳。
恭曰∶人参苗似五加而阔短，茎圆有三、四桠，桠头有五叶，陶引荠 乱人参，误矣。
且荠 、桔梗又有叶差互者，亦有叶三、四对者，皆一茎直上，叶既相乱，惟以根有心
为别尔。
颂曰∶今川蜀、江浙皆有之。春生苗茎，都似人参，而叶小异，根似桔梗，但无心为异。
润州、陕州尤多，人家收以为果，或作脯啖，味甚甘美，兼可寄远。二月、八月采根，曝干。
承曰∶今人多以蒸过压扁乱人参，但味淡尔。
宗 曰∶陶以根言，故云荠 乱人参；苏以苗言，故以陶为误也。
机曰∶荠 苗茎与桔梗相似，其根与人参相乱。今言苗茎都似人参，近于误也。当以人
参、荠 、桔梗三注参看自明矣。
时珍曰∶荠 苗似桔梗，根似沙参，故奸商往往以沙参、荠 通乱人参。苏颂《图经》
所谓杏参，周定王《救荒本草》所谓杏叶沙参，皆此荠 也。《图经》云∶杏参生淄州
田野，根如小菜根。土人五月采苗叶，治咳嗽上气。《救荒本草》云∶杏叶沙参，一名白面
根。苗高一、二尺，茎色青白。叶似杏叶而小，微尖而背白，边有叉牙。杪间开五瓣白碗子
花。根形如野胡萝卜，颇肥，皮色灰黝，中间白色，味甜微寒。亦有开碧花者。嫩苗炸熟水
淘，油盐拌食。根换水煮，亦可食。人以蜜煎充果。又陶弘景注桔梗，言其叶名隐忍，可煮
食之，治蛊毒。谨按《尔雅》云∶蒡，隐忍也。郭璞注云∶似苏，有毛。江东人藏以为菹，
亦可瀹食。葛洪《肘后方》云∶隐忍草，苗似桔梗，人皆食之。捣汁饮，治蛊毒。据此则隐
忍非桔梗，乃荠 苗也。荠 苗甘，可食；桔梗苗苦，不可食，尤为可证。《神农本经》无
荠，只有桔梗一名荠 ，至《别录》始出荠 。盖荠 、桔梗乃一类，有甜、苦二种，则
其苗亦可呼为隐忍也。
根
【气味】甘，寒，无毒。
【主治】解百药毒（《别录》）。
杀蛊毒，治蛇虫咬，热狂温疾， 毒箭（大明）。利肺气，和中明目止痛，蒸切作羹粥
食，或作齑菹食（昝殷）。食之，压丹石发动（孟诜）。主咳嗽消渴强中，疮毒疔肿，辟沙虱
短狐毒（时珍）。
【发明】时珍曰∶
荠 寒而利肺，甘而解毒，乃良品也，而世不知用，惜哉。按葛洪《肘后方》云∶一药
而兼解众毒者，惟荠 汁浓饮二升，或煮嚼之，亦可作散服。此药在诸药中，毒皆自解也。
又张 《朝野佥载》云∶各医言虎中药箭，食清泥而解；野猪中药箭， 荠 而食。物犹
知解毒，何况人乎？又孙思邈《千金方》，治强中为病，茎长兴盛，不交精出，消渴之后，
发为痈疽，有荠 丸、猪肾荠 汤方，此皆本草所未及者。然亦取其解热解毒之功尔，无他
义。
【附方】旧四，新三。强中消渴∶猪肾荠 汤∶治强中之病，茎长兴盛，不交精液自出，
消渴之后，即发痈疽。皆由恣意色欲，或饵金石所致，宜此以制肾中热也。用猪肾一具，荠
、石膏各三两，人参、茯苓、磁石、知母、葛根、黄芩、栝蒌根、甘草各二两，黑大豆一
升，水一斗半，先煮猪肾、大豆，取汁一斗，去滓下药，再煮三升，分三服。后人名为石子
荠汤。又荠 丸∶用荠 、大豆、茯神、磁石、栝蒌根、熟地黄、地骨皮、玄参、石斛、
鹿茸各一两，人参、沉香各半两。为末，以猪肚治净煮烂，杵和丸梧子大。每服七十丸，空
心盐汤下。（并《千金方》）
疔疮肿毒∶生荠 根捣汁，服一合，以滓敷之，不过三度。（《千金翼》）
面上 ∶荠 、肉桂各一两。为末。每用方寸匕，酢浆服之，日一服。又灭瘢痣。（《圣
济总录》）
解诸蛊毒∶荠 根捣末，饮服方寸匕，立瘥。（陈延之《短剧方》）
解钩吻毒∶钩吻叶与芹叶相似，误食之杀人。惟以荠 八两，水六升，煮取三升，每服
五合，日五服。（仲景《金匮玉函》）
解五石毒∶荠 生捣汁，多服之，立瘥。（苏颂《图经》）
(Qi Ni, pronounced "Qi Ni", both in the rising tone. Listed as Medium Grade in *Bie Lu*.)
[Correction] Merged with Xing Shen (Apricot Root) from *Tu Jing*.
[Names] Xing Shen (*Tu Jing*), Xing Ye Sha Shen (*Jiu Huang Ben Cao*), [Qi Ni] (pronounced "Di", *Erya*), Tian Jie Geng (*Ben Cao Gang Mu*), Bai Mian Gen (*Jiu Huang Ben Cao*). The young shoots are named Yin Ren.
Li Shizhen said: Qi Ni is juicy and has a moistening and relieving appearance, hence its name. Ji refers to thick dew. Its root resembles Sha Shen (Adenophora Root), and its leaves resemble apricot leaves, so people in Henan call it Xing Ye Sha Shen. The Xing Shen in Su Song's *Tu Jing* is this plant. It is commonly called Tian Jie Geng (Sweet Platycodon). *Erya* states: Bang is Yin Ren. Guo Pu's annotation says: It is Qi Ni. The explanation of Yin Ren is seen below.
[Collection of Explanations] Tao Hongjing said: The roots and rhizomes of Qi Ni resemble those of Ren Shen (Ginseng), but the leaves are slightly different. The root tastes extremely sweet and can detoxify. When placed together with poisonous substances, the toxicity naturally subsides, which is why it is not often used by physicians in prescriptions. He also said: Emperor Wen of Wei stated that Qi Ni confuses Ren Shen, referring to this plant.
The leaves of Qi Ni closely resemble those of Jie Geng (Platycodon Root), except that the underside of the leaves is smooth, glossy, and hairless. Additionally, unlike Ren Shen, they do not grow opposite each other.
Zhen Quan said: The seedling of Ren Shen resembles Wu Jia (Acanthopanax) but is broader and shorter. The stem is round with three or four branches, and each branch tip has five leaves. Tao's citation of Qi Ni confusing Ren Shen is incorrect. Moreover, Qi Ni and Jie Geng have leaves that grow alternately, or in whorls of three or four pairs. All have a single straight stem. Since the leaves are easily confused, they are distinguished only by whether the root has a central pith.
Su Song said: It is now found in Sichuan, Shu, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang. In spring, the seedlings and stems emerge resembling Ren Shen, though the leaves differ slightly. The root resembles Jie Geng, except for the absence of a central pith. It is particularly abundant in Runzhou and Shanzhou. People collect it as a fruit or make it into dried snacks; it tastes very sweet and delicious and can be sent as gifts. Roots are harvested in February and August and sun-dried.
Cheng Cheng said: Nowadays, many people steam and flatten it to pass it off as Ren Shen, but the taste is bland.
Zong Bao said: Tao spoke from the perspective of the root, hence stating that Qi Ni confuses Ren Shen; Su spoke from the perspective of the seedling, thus considering Tao's statement erroneous.
Ji said: The seedlings and stems of Qi Ni resemble Jie Geng, while its root confuses with Ren Shen. To say now that both seedlings and stems resemble Ren Shen is close to error. One should compare Ren Shen, Qi Ni, and Jie Geng side by side to clarify.
Li Shizhen said: The seedlings of Qi Ni resemble Jie Geng, and the root resembles Sha Shen. Therefore, dishonest merchants often pass off Sha Shen and Qi Ni as Ren Shen. The Xing Shen mentioned in Su Song's *Tu Jing* and the Xing Ye Sha Shen in Zhou Ding Wang's *Jiu Huang Ben Cao* are all this Qi Ni. *Tu Jing* states: Xing Shen grows in the fields of Zizhou, and the root resembles small vegetable roots. Locals harvest the leaves in May to treat cough and rebellious Qi. *Jiu Huang Ben Cao* states: Xing Ye Sha Shen, also known as Bai Mian Gen. The seedling is one to two chi high, with greenish-white stems. The leaves resemble apricot leaves but are smaller, slightly pointed, white on the back, and serrated at the margins. White, bowl-shaped flowers with five petals bloom at the tips. The root shape resembles wild carrots, quite fleshy, with grayish-black skin and white interior, tasting sweet and being slightly cold in nature. Some have blue-green flowers. Young shoots can be blanched, rinsed with water, and eaten with oil and salt. Roots can be boiled with changed water and eaten. People preserve them in honey as a fruit. Furthermore, Tao Hongjing's annotation on Jie Geng mentions that its leaf is named Yin Ren and can be boiled for food to treat gu poison. I respectfully consult *Erya*, which states: Bang is Yin Ren. Guo Pu's annotation says: Resembles Perilla, hairy. People in Jiangdong store it as pickles and can boil it for food. Ge Hong's *Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang* states: Yin Ren grass, seedlings resemble Jie Geng, and people eat it. Crushed juice drunk treats gu poison. Based on this, Yin Ren is not Jie Geng, but the seedling of Qi Ni. The seedling of Qi Ni is sweet and edible; the seedling of Jie Geng is bitter and inedible, which further proves this. *Shen Nong Ben Jing* does not list Qi Ni, only listing Jie Geng under the name Qi Ni. It was only in *Bie Lu* that Qi Ni appeared separately. Presumably, Qi Ni and Jie Geng belong to the same category, having sweet and bitter varieties, so their seedlings could also be called Yin Ren.
Root
[Properties and Flavor] Sweet, Cold, Non-toxic.
[Indications] Resolves the toxicity of various medicines (*Bie Lu*).
Eliminates gu poison, treats snake and insect bites, heat-induced mania and warm diseases, and poisoned arrow wounds (*Da Ming Ben Cao*). Benefits Lung Qi, harmonizes the Middle, brightens the eyes, and relieves pain. Steamed, sliced, and cooked in soups or porridges, or made into pickles (Zan Yin). Consumption suppresses the activation of Dan Shi (mineral pills) (*Meng Shen*). Treats cough, Xiao Ke (Wasting-Thirst), Qiang Zhong (excessive sexual arousal), sores, carbuncles, and wards, and repels Sha Li and Duan Hu poisons (Li Shizhen).
[Elucidation] Li Shizhen said:
Qi Ni is cold and benefits the Lung, sweet and detoxifies; it is a fine medicinal material, yet unknown to the world, what a pity. According to Ge Hong's *Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang*: Among all herbs, only Qi Ni juice can resolve multiple toxins simultaneously. Drink two sheng of concentrated juice, or boil and chew it, or take it as a powder. This herb, among others, causes toxins to resolve spontaneously. Zhang Zhuo's *Chao Ye Qian Zai* states: Physicians say tigers eat clear mud to detoxify after being hit by an arrow; wild boars eat Qi Ni. Even animals know how to detoxify, let alone humans. Sun Simiao's *Qian Jin Fang* treats Qiang Zhong disease, where the penis remains erect and seminal emission occurs without intercourse, followed by Xiao Ke and subsequent carbuncles. It includes Qi Ni Wan and Zhu Shen Qi Ni Tang. These were not covered in earlier materia medica. However, they merely utilize its heat-clearing and detoxifying properties, with no deeper meaning.
[Attached Formulas] Four old formulas, three new ones. Qiang Zhong and Xiao Ke: Zhu Shen Qi Ni Tang: Treats Qiang Zhong disease, persistent erection, spontaneous seminal emission, and subsequent carbuncles after Xiao Ke. These are caused by excessive sexual desire or ingestion of mineral stones. This formula controls heat in the Kidney. Use one pig kidney, Qi Ni and Shi Gao (Gypsum Fibrosum) each 3 liang, Ren Shen (Ginseng), Fu Ling (Poria), Ci Shi (Magnetitum), Zhi Mu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma), Ge Gen (Puerariae Radix), Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix), Gua Lou Gen (Trichosanthis Radix), and Gan Cao (Licorice Root) each 2 liang, and Hei Da Dou (Black Soybean) 1 sheng. Add 1.5 dou of water. First boil the pig kidney and black soybean, obtain 1 dou of liquid, remove dregs, add remaining herbs, and boil down to 3 sheng. Divide into three doses. Later generations named this Stone Zi Qi Tang. Also, Qi Ni Wan: Use Qi Ni, Da Dou (Soybean), Fu Shen (Poria with Hostwood), Ci Shi, Gua Lou Gen, Shu Di Huang (Rehmanniae Radix Preparata), Di Gu Pi (Lycii Cortex), Xuan Shen (Scrophulariae Radix), Shi Hu (Dendrobii Caulis), and Lu Rong (Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum) each 1 liang, and Ren Shen, Chen Xiang (Aquilariae Lignum) each 0.5 liang. Grind into powder. Clean and boil a pig stomach until soft, mash and mix with powder to form pills the size of wu zi. Take 70 pills per dose with salted water on an empty stomach. (Both from *Qian Jin Fang*)
Carbuncles and Swelling: Crush fresh Qi Ni root and extract juice. Drink 1 he. Apply the dregs topically. Do not exceed three applications. (*Qian Jin Yi Fang*)
Facial Scars: Qi Ni and Rou Gui (Cinnamon Bark) each 1 liang. Grind into powder. Use 1 fang cun bi per dose, taken with vinegar juice, once daily. Also removes scars and moles. (*Sheng Ji Zong Lu*)
Resolving Various Gu Poisons: Crush Qi Ni root into powder. Take 1 fang cun bi with water. Cure immediately. (Chen Yanzhi's *Duan Ju Fang*)
Resolving Gou Wen Poison: Gou Wen leaves resemble celery leaves; mistaken consumption is fatal. Use 8 liang of Qi Ni and 6 sheng of water. Boil to obtain 3 sheng. Take 5 he per dose, five times daily. (Zhong Jing's *Jin Gui Yu Han*)
Resolving Five Minerals Poison: Crush fresh Qi Ni and extract juice. Take generously. Cure immediately. (Su Song's *Tu Jing*)