（《证类》）
【释名】冠蝉（《礼注》）、胡蝉（《毛诗》）、
时珍曰∶花、冠，以象名也。胡，其状如胡也。唐，黑色也。古俗谓之胡蝉，江南谓之
螗，蜀人谓之蝉花。
【集解】慎微曰∶蝉花所在有之，生苦竹林者良。花出头上，七月采。
颂曰∶出蜀中。其蝉头上有一角，如花冠状，谓之蝉花。彼人 蜕至都下。医工云∶入
药最奇。
宗 曰∶乃是蝉在壳中不出而化为花，自顶中出也。
时珍曰∶蝉花，即冠蝉也，《礼记》所谓“ 则冠而蝉有 ”
陆云《寒蝉赋》云∶蝉有五德∶头上有帻，文也；含气饮露，清也；黍稷不享，廉也；处不
巢居，俭也；应候守常，信
祁《方物赞》云∶蝉之不蜕
【气味】甘，寒，无毒。
【主治】小儿天吊，惊痫螈 ，夜啼心悸（慎微）。功
（《本经》下品）
【释名】 蜣（音诘羌）
（同上）、夜
弘景曰∶庄子云∶ 蜣之智，在于转丸。喜入粪土中取屎丸而推却之，故俗名推丸。
时珍曰∶崔豹《古今注》谓之转丸、弄丸，俗呼推车客，皆取此义也。其虫深目高鼻，
状如羌胡，背负黑甲，状如武士，故有蜣螂、将军之称。
【集解】《别录》曰∶蜣螂生长沙池泽。
弘景曰∶其类有三、四种，以大而鼻头扁者为真。
韩保升曰∶此类多种，所在有之。以鼻高目深者入药，名胡蜣螂。
宗 曰∶蜣螂有大、小二种，大者名胡蜣螂，身黑而光，腹翼下有小黄，子附母而飞，
昼伏夜出，见灯光则来，宜入药用。小者身黑而暗，昼飞夜伏。狐并喜食之。小者不堪用，
惟牛马胀结，以三十枚研水灌之，绝佳。
时珍曰∶蜣螂以土包粪，转而成丸，雄曳雌推，置于坎中，覆之而去。数日有小蜣螂出
，盖孚乳于中也。
【修治】《别录》曰∶五月五日采取，蒸藏之，临用，去足，火炙。
勿置水中，令人吐。
【气味】咸，寒，有毒。好古曰∶酸。
之才曰∶畏羊角、羊肉、石膏。
【主治】小儿惊痫螈 ，腹胀寒热，大人癫疾狂易（《本经》）。
手足端寒，肢满贲豚。捣丸塞下部，引痔虫出尽，永瘥（《别录》）。
治小儿疳蚀（《药性》）。能堕胎，治疰忤。和干姜敷恶疮，出箭头（《日华》）。烧末，
和醋敷蜂 （藏器）。去大肠风热（《权度》）。治大小便不通，下痢赤白，脱肛，一切痔 疔
肿，附骨
【发明】时珍曰∶蜣螂乃手足阳明、足厥阴之药，故所主皆三经之病。《总微论》言∶
古方治小儿惊痫，蜣螂为第一。而后医未见用之，盖不知此义耳。
颂曰∶箭镞入骨不可移者，用巴豆微炒，同蜣螂捣涂。斯须痛定，必微
痒不可忍，乃撼动拔之立出。此方传于夏侯郓。郓初为阆州录事参军，有人额有箭痕，问之。
云∶从马侍中征田悦中箭，侍中与此药立出，后以生肌膏敷之乃愈。因以方付郓，云∶凡诸
疮皆可疗也。郓至洪州逆旅，主人妻患疮呻吟，用此立愈。《翰苑丛纪》云∶李定言∶石
藏用，近世良医也。有人承檐溜浣手，觉物入爪甲内，初若丝发，数日如线，伸
悟其为龙伏藏也。乃叩藏用求治。藏用曰∶方书无此，以意治之耳。末蜣螂涂指，庶下深入
胸膜，
《医
【附方】旧七，新十七。
小儿惊风∶不拘急慢。用蜣螂一枚杵烂，以水一小盏，于百沸汤中荡热，去滓饮之。
小儿疳疾∶土裹蜣螂，煨熟，与食之。（《韩氏医通》）
小儿重舌∶蜣螂，烧末，唾和，敷舌上。（《子母秘录》）
膈气吐食∶用地牛儿二个，推屎虫一公一母，同入罐中，待虫食尽牛儿，以泥裹煨存性；
用去白陈皮二钱，以巴豆同炒过，去豆，将陈皮及虫为末。每用一、二分，吹入咽中。吐痰
三、四次，即愈。（《孙氏集效方》）
赤白下痢∶黑牛散∶治赤白痢、噤口痢及泄泻。用黑牛儿（即蜣螂，一名铁甲将军），
烧研。每服半
大肠脱肛∶蜣螂，烧存性，为末，入冰片研匀。掺肛上，托之即入。（《医学集成》）
大小便闭，经月欲死者∶《本事》推车散∶用推车客七个（男用头，女用身），土狗七个
（男
用身，女用头），新瓦焙，研末。用虎目树南向皮，煎汁调服。只一服即通。《杨氏经验方》∶
治大
砖上，四
取井华水服之（二便不通，全用），即解。
大肠秘塞∶蜣螂（炒，去翅、足）为末，热酒服一钱。（《圣惠》）
小便转胞不通∶用死蜣螂二枚，烧末，井华水一盏调服。（《千金》）。
小便血淋∶蜣螂研水服。（鲍氏）。
痔漏出水∶唐氏方∶用蜣螂一枚阴干，入冰片少许，为细末，纸捻蘸末入孔内。渐渐生
肉，药自退出，
一切漏疮不拘蜂 、鼠 。蜣螂烧末，醋和敷。（《千金》）。
附骨疽漏∶蜣螂七枚，同大麦捣敷。（《刘涓子方》）
一切恶疮及沙虱、水弩、恶疽∶五月五日取蜣螂蒸过，阴干为末，油和敷之。（《圣惠》）
疔肿恶疮∶杨柳上大乌壳硬虫（或地上新粪内及泥堆中者），生取，以蜜汤浸死，新瓦
焙焦，为末。先以烧过针拨开，好醋调，敷
无名恶疮∶忽得不识者。用死蜣螂杵汁涂之。（《子母秘录》）
灸疮血出不止∶用死蜣螂，烧研，猪脂和涂。（《千金方》）
大赫疮疾，急防毒瓦斯入心∶先灸，后用干蜣螂为末，和盐水敷四围，如韭叶阔、日一上
之。（《肘后》）
疡风病∶取涂中死蜣螂杵烂，揩疮令热，封之。
鼻中息肉∶蜣螂十枚，纳青竹筒中，油纸密封，
少许，为末涂之。当化为水也。（《圣惠》）
沙尘入目∶取生蜣螂一枚，手持其背，于眼上影之，自出。（《图经本草》）。
下部 虫∶痛痒脓血，旁生孔窍。蜣螂七枚（五月五日收者），新牛粪半两，肥羊肉
一两（炒黄），同捣成膏，丸莲子大，炙热，绵裹纳肛中。半日即大便中虫出，三度永瘥。（董
炳《集验
心
【主治】疔疮（颂曰∶按刘禹锡纂柳州救三死方
笃，善药敷之莫效。长乐贾方伯教用蜣螂心，一夕百苦皆已。明年正月食羊肉，又大作，再
用亦如神验。其法∶用蜣螂心，在腹下度取之，其肉稍白是也。贴疮半日许，再易，血尽根
出即愈。蜣螂畏羊肉，故食之即发。其法盖出葛洪《肘后方
转丸
见土部
【附录】蜉蝣 时珍曰∶蜉蝣一名渠略，似 蜣而小，大
黑色，甲下有翅，能飞。夏月雨后丛生粪土中，朝生暮死。猪
也。盖蜣螂、蜉蝣、腹 、天牛，皆蛴螬、蠹、蝎所化。此亦蜣螂之一种，不可不知也。或
曰∶蜉蝣，水虫也。状似蚕蛾
天社虫
《别录》有名未用，曰∶味甘，无毒。主绝孕，益气。虫状如蜂，大腰，食草木叶，三
月采。
时珍曰∶按∶张揖《广雅》云∶天社，蜣螂也。与此不知是一类否？
[Chan Hua] (From *Zhenglei Bencao*)
[Names] Guan Chan (Crown Cicada, from *Liji Zhu*), Hu Chan (Barbarian Cicada, from *Maoshi*).
Li Shizhen said: "Hua" (flower) and "Guan" (crown) are named after their shape. "Hu" refers to its resemblance to Hu people. "Tang" denotes black color. In ancient custom, it was called Hu Chan; in the Jiangnan region, it was called Tang; in Shu, it was called Chan Hua.
[Collection] Chen Shenwei said: Chan Hua grows in various places; those growing in bitter bamboo forests are of superior quality. The flower emerges from the head of the cicada and is harvested in the seventh lunar month.
Su Song said: It originates from Shu. This cicada has a horn-like growth on its head, shaped like a flower crown, hence the name Chan Hua. Locals transport its exuviae to the capital. Physicians claim it is extremely effective when used as medicine.
Kou Zongshi said: This occurs when the cicada transforms into a flower while still inside the shell, emerging from the top of its head.
Li Shizhen said: Chan Hua is the same as Guan Chan. As mentioned in the *Book of Rites*: "...then crowned and the cicada has...". Lu Yun's *Ode to the Cold Cicada* states: "The cicada possesses five virtues: wearing a cap on its head signifies culture; consuming air and drinking dew signifies purity; not partaking in millet or sorghum signifies integrity; dwelling without building nests signifies thrift; adhering to seasons and maintaining constancy signifies trustworthiness."
Qi's *Fangwu Zan* states: The cicada does not shed its skin...
[Properties and Flavor] Sweet, cold, non-toxic.
[Indications] Infantile convulsive disorders (Tiandiao), fright epilepsy with spasms, nocturnal crying, and palpitations (Chen Shenwei). Efficacy...
[Qiang Lang] (From *Shennong Bencao Jing*, Lower Grade)
[Names] Qiang (pronounced "Jieqiang"). (Same as above), Ye...
Tao Hongjing said: Zhuangzi stated: "The wisdom of the Qiang Lang lies in rolling balls." It likes to enter manure and soil to take dung pellets and push them, hence the common name "Tuiwan" (Pusher).
Li Shizhen said: Cui Bao's *Gujin Zhu* calls it Zhuanwan (Turning Ball) or Nongwan (Playing Ball), commonly known as Cheke (Cart Pusher), all deriving from this meaning. This insect has deep eyes and a high nose, resembling the Qiang and Hu peoples; it bears a black carapace, resembling a warrior, thus earning the names Qiang Lang and General.
[Collection] *Mingyi Bielu* says: Qiang Lang grows in the ponds and marshes of Changsha.
Tao Hongjing said: There are three or four varieties; those that are large with flat noses are considered authentic.
Han Baosheng said: There are many types of this insect, found everywhere. Those with high noses and deep eyes are used for medicine, named Hu Qiang Lang.
Kou Zongshi said: There are two sizes of Qiang Lang. The larger one is named Hu Qiang Lang; it has a shiny black body, small yellow spots under the abdominal wings, and larvae attach to the mother for flight. It hides during the day and emerges at night, attracted by light, making it suitable for medicinal use. The smaller one is dull black, flying by day and hiding by night. Foxes and dogs love to eat it. The smaller ones are unsuitable for general use, but for cattle or horses suffering from abdominal distension and stagnation, grinding thirty pieces and administering with water yields excellent results.
Li Shizhen said: Qiang Lang wraps feces in soil, rolling them into balls. Males drag and females push, placing them in pits, covering them, and leaving. After several days, young Qiang Lang emerge, indicating reproduction within.
[Preparation] *Mingyi Bielu* says: Collect on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, steam and store. Before use, remove legs and roast over fire. Do not place in water, as it causes vomiting.
[Properties and Flavor] Salty, cold, toxic. Hao Gu said: Sour.
Zhang Yuansu said: Averse to Sheep Horn, Lamb Meat, and Gypsum.
[Indications] Infantile fright epilepsy with spasms, abdominal distension with alternating cold and heat, adult mania and erratic behavior (*Shennong Bencao Jing*).
Cold extremities, limb fullness, and running piglet syndrome. Crushed into pills and inserted into the lower orifice to draw out hemorrhoidal worms until expelled, resulting in permanent cure (*Mingyi Bielu*).
Treats infantile malnutrition with erosive sores (*Yaoxing Lun*). Can induce abortion and treat Zhu Wu disease. Mixed with dried ginger and applied to malignant sores can extract arrowheads (*Rihua Bencao*). Burned to ash and mixed with vinegar applied to bee stings (Chen Cangqi). Removes wind-heat from the large intestine (*Quandu*). Treats obstruction of urination and defecation, dysentery with blood and mucus, rectal prolapse, all hemorrhoids, carbuncles, and osteomyelitis...
[Analysis] Li Shizhen said: Qiang Lang acts on the Hand-Yangming, Foot-Yangming, and Foot-Jueyin meridians; thus, its indications cover diseases of these three meridians. *Zongwei Lun* states: In ancient formulas for treating infantile fright epilepsy, Qiang Lang is the primary choice. Later physicians rarely use it, likely due to ignorance of this principle.
Su Song said: For arrowheads embedded deeply in bone that cannot be moved, stir-fry Croton Seed slightly, crush together with Qiang Lang, and apply. After a short time, pain subsides, followed by unbearable itching; shaking the area allows immediate extraction. This formula was passed down from Xiahou Yun. When Xiahou Yun first served as Registrar in Langzhou, a person had an arrow scar on his forehead. Upon inquiry, he said: "I was shot while accompanying Marshal Ma in the campaign against Tian Yue. The Marshal gave me this medicine, which extracted the arrow immediately. I then applied a flesh-regenerating ointment to heal." He then gave the formula to Xiahou Yun, saying: "It can treat all kinds of sores." When Xiahou Yun arrived at an inn in Hongzhou, the owner's wife suffered from a sore and groaned in pain; using this formula cured her instantly. *Hanyuan Congji* records: Li Ding said: Shi Zangyong was a fine physician of recent times. Someone washing hands under eaves drip felt something enter their fingernail, initially like a hair, later like a thread. Realizing it was a dragon larva hiding there, they sought Shi Zangyong's treatment. Shi Zangyong said: "This is not recorded in medical texts; I will treat it based on my understanding." He powdered Qiang Lang and applied it to the finger, hoping it would penetrate deeply into the pleura...
*Medical...*
[Attached Formulas] Seven old formulas, seventeen new formulas.
Infantile Convulsions (regardless of acute or chronic): Use one Qiang Lang, pound into paste, add one cup of water, heat in boiling water, strain, and drink.
Infantile Malnutrition: Wrap Qiang Lang in soil, bake until cooked, and feed to the child. (*Hanshi Yitong*)
Infantile Double Tongue: Burn Qiang Lang to ash, mix with saliva, and apply to the tongue. (*Zimu Milu*)
Diaphragmatic Qi with Vomiting: Take two earth beetles (Diniu'er) and one male plus one female dung beetle (Tuishichong). Place in a jar; wait until the beetles consume the earth beetles. Wrap in mud and bake until charred but preserved. Take two qian of peeled tangerine peel, stir-fry with Croton Seed, remove the seed, and powder the peel and beetles. Use one or two fen each time, blow into the throat. Vomiting phlegm three or four times leads to cure. (*Sunshi Jixiao Fang*)
Red and White Dysentery: Heiniu San: Treats red and white dysentery, anorexic dysentery, and diarrhea. Use Heiniu'er (i.e., Qiang Lang, also known as Iron Armor General), burn and powder. Take half [a dose]...
Rectal Prolapse: Burn Qiang Lang until charred, powder it, mix with Borneol evenly. Sprinkle on the anus and manually reduce the prolapse. (*Yixue Ji Cheng*)
Obstruction of Urination and Defecation, Life-Threatening After One Month: *Ben Shi Fang* Tuche San: Use seven Tuche Ke (males use head, females use body), seven dugongs/ground beetles (Tu Gou, males use body, females use head), roast on new tile, and powder. Decoct bark from the south-facing side of the Tiger Eye Tree, mix with powder, and administer. One dose ensures passage. *Yang Shi Jingyan Fang*: Treats major...
On brick, four...
Take well water (use entirely if both urine and stool are blocked) and drink, leading to relief.
Large Intestine Constipation: Powder Qiang Lang (stir-fried, remove wings and legs), take one qian with hot wine. (*Shenghui Fang*)
Bladder Retention (Zhuanbao) with Urinary Obstruction: Use two dead Qiang Lang, burn to ash, mix with one cup of well water, and administer. (*Qianjin Fang*)
Hematuria (Blood Lin): Crush Qiang Lang in water and drink. (Bao Shi)
Hemorrhoidal Fistula Discharge: Tang Shi Formula: Dry one Qiang Lang in shade, add a little Borneol, powder finely. Dip paper twist in powder and insert into the orifice. Flesh gradually regenerates, and the medicine naturally falls out.
All Fistulas regardless of Bee Stings or Rat Sores: Burn Qiang Lang to ash, mix with vinegar, and apply. (*Qianjin Fang*)
Osteomyelitis Fistula: Pound seven Qiang Lang with barley and apply. (*Liu Juanzi Fang*)
All Malignant Sores, Sand Lice, Water Nu, and Evil Abscesses: Collect Qiang Lang on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, steam, dry in shade, powder, and apply with oil. (*Shenghui Fang*)
Carbuncle and Malignant Sores: Large black-shelled hard insects from poplar trees (or from fresh manure/mud piles), collect fresh, kill in honey water, roast on new tile until scorched, and powder. First puncture with a heated needle, mix with good vinegar, and apply.
Nameless Malignant Sores: Sudden onset of unknown sores. Pound dead Qiang Lang into juice and apply. (*Zimu Milu*)
Unceasing Bleeding from Moxibustion Wounds: Use dead Qiang Lang, burn and powder, mix with lard, and apply. (*Qianjin Fang*)
Severe Carbuncle Disease, Urgently Preventing Toxin from Entering the Heart: Perform moxibustion first, then apply powder of dried Qiang Lang mixed with salt water around the wound, width of a leek leaf, once daily. (*Zhouhou Fang*)
Vitiligo: Pound dead Qiang Lang from the ground until paste, rub onto the sore until warm, and bandage.
Nasal Polyps: Ten Qiang Lang, place in green bamboo tube, seal tightly with oil paper,
a little, powder and apply. It should dissolve into water. (*Shenghui Fang*)
Dust/Sand in Eye: Take one live Qiang Lang, hold it by its back, and wave it over the eye shadow; the sand will exit. (*Tujing Bencao*)
Lower Orifice Parasites: Painful, itchy, purulent bleeding, with auxiliary openings. Seven Qiang Lang (collected on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month), half liang of fresh cow dung, one liang of fatty lamb meat (stir-fried until yellow), pound together into paste, form pills the size of lotus seeds, roast until hot, wrap in silk, and insert into anus. Within half a day, worms will pass in stool; three treatments ensure permanent cure. (Dong Bing *Jiyan Fang*)
Heart...
[Indications] Carbuncles (Su Song said: According to Liu Yuxi's compilation of the Liuzhou Three Deaths Rescue Method, when the condition is critical and good medicines fail to work, Jia Fangbo of Changle taught using the heart of the Qiang Lang. All pains ceased overnight. In January of the following year, after eating lamb, the condition flared up again; using it again proved miraculous. The method: Take the heart of the Qiang Lang, measure from below the abdomen; the meat is slightly white. Apply to the sore for about half a day, change again. When blood is exhausted and roots removed, it heals. Qiang Lang fears lamb meat, hence eating it triggers recurrence. This method likely comes from Ge Hong's *Zhouhou Fang*)
Zhuanwan
See Earth Category
[Appendix] Ephemeropsis Li Shizhen said: Ephemeropsis, also known as Qulue, resembles Qiang Lang but is smaller, large... black, with wings under the carapace, capable of flight. They breed in clusters in manure and soil after summer rains, born in the morning and dying at dusk. Pig... . It seems Qiang Lang, Ephemeropsis, Abdominal..., and Longhorn Beetle are all transformations of grubs, woodworms, and scorpions. This is also a type of Qiang Lang, which must not be ignored. Some say: Ephemeropsis is an aquatic insect, resembling silkworm moths...
Tianshe Chong
*Mingyi Bielu* lists it as "Named but Unused": Sweet, non-toxic. Treats sterility, benefits Qi. The insect resembles a bee, with a thick waist, feeds on tree and grass leaves, collected in the third lunar month.
Li Shizhen said: According to Zhang Yi's *Guangya*: Tianshe is Qiang Lang. It is unknown if this is the same category?