（《本经》下品）
【释名】石垩（弘景）、垩灰（《本经》）、希灰（《别录》）、锻石（《日华》）、白虎（《纲
目》）、矿灰（《纲目》）。
【集解】《别录》曰∶锻石生中山川谷。
弘景曰∶近山生石，青白色，作灶烧竟，以水沃之，即热蒸而解。俗名石垩。
颂曰∶所在近山处皆有之，烧青石为灰也。又名石锻。有风化、水化二种∶风化者，取
锻了石置风中自解，此为有力；水化者，以水沃之，热蒸而解，其力差劣。
时珍曰∶今人作窑烧之，一层柴或煤炭一层在下，上累青石，自下发火，层层自焚而散。
入药惟用风化、不夹石者良。
【气味】辛，温，有毒。
大明曰∶甘，无毒。独狐滔曰∶伏雄黄、硫黄、 砂，去锡晕。
【主治】疽疡疥瘙，热气，恶疮癞疾，死肌堕眉，杀痔虫，去黑子息肉（《本经》）。疗
髓骨疽（《别录》）。治 疥，蚀恶肉。止金疮血，甚良（甄权）。生肌长肉，止血，白癜 疡，
瘢疵痔 ，瘿赘疣子。妇人粉刺，产后阴不能合。解酒酸，治酒毒，暖水脏，治气（大明）。
堕胎（保升）。散血定痛，止水泻血痢，白带白淫，收脱肛阴挺，消积聚结核，贴口 ，黑
须发（时珍）。
【发明】弘景曰∶锻石性至烈，人以度酒饮之，则腹痛下利。古今多以构冢，用捍水而
辟虫。故古冢中水洗诸疮，皆即瘥。
恭曰∶《别录》及今人用疗金疮，止血大效。若五月五日采繁缕、葛叶、鹿活草、槲叶
、芍药、地黄叶、苍耳叶、青蒿叶，合锻石捣，为团如鸡卵，曝干末，以疗疮生肌大妙，神
验。权曰∶止金疮血，和鸡子白、败船茹甚良。不入汤饮。
颂曰∶古方多用合百草团末，治金疮殊胜。今医家或以腊月黄牛胆汁搜和，纳入胆中风
干，研用，更胜草药者。古方以诸草杂锻石熬煎，点疣痣黑子。丹灶家亦用之。
时珍曰∶锻石，止血神品也。但不可着水，着水即烂肉。
【附方】旧十四，新三十二。
人落水死∶裹锻石纳下部中，水出尽即活。（《千金方》）
痰厥气绝，心头尚温者∶千年锻石一合。水一盏，煎滚去清水，再用一盏煎极滚，澄清
灌之。少顷痰下自愈。（《集玄方》）
中风口 ∶新锻石醋炒，调如泥，涂之。左涂右，右涂左，立便牵正。（寇氏《衍义》）
风牙肿痛∶二年锻石、细辛等分。研。搽即止。（《普济方》）
虫牙作痛∶矿灰，沙糖和，塞孔中。（《普济方》）
风虫牙痛∶百年陈锻石（为末）四两，蜂蜜三两。拌匀，盐泥固济，火 一日，研末。
擦
牙神效。名神仙失笑散。（张三丰方）
干霍乱病∶千年锻石，沙糖水调服二钱，或淡醋汤亦可。名落盏汤。（《摘玄方》）
偏坠气痛∶陈锻石（炒）、五倍子、山栀子等分。为末。面和醋调，敷之，一夜即消。（《医
方摘要》）
妇人血气∶方见兽部猪血下。
产后血渴不烦者∶新锻石一两，黄丹半钱。渴时浆水调服一钱。名桃花散。（张洁古《活
法机要》）
白带白淫∶风化锻石一两，白茯苓三两。为末。糊丸梧子大。每服二、三十丸，空心米
饮下，绝妙。（《集玄方》）
水泻不止∶方同上。
酒积下痢∶锻石五两，水和作团，黄泥包， 一日夜，去泥为末，醋糊丸梧子大。每服
三十丸，姜汤空心下。（《摘玄方》）
血痢十年∶锻石三升熬黄，水一斗投之，澄清。一服一升，日三服。（崔知悌方）
虚冷脱肛∶锻石烧热，故帛裹坐，冷即易之。（《圣惠方》）
产门不闭，产后阴道不闭，或阴脱出。锻石一斗熬黄，以水二斗投之，澄清，熏。（《肘
后方》）
产门生合不开∶用铜钱磨利割开，以陈锻石敷之，即愈。（《通变方》）
腹胁积块∶风化锻石半斤，瓦器炒极热，入大黄末一两，炒红取起，入桂末半两，略烧，
入米醋和成膏，摊绢上贴之。内服消块药，甚效。（《丹溪心法》）
疟疾寒热，一日一发或二、三发，或三日一发。古城锻石二钱，头垢、五灵脂各一钱。
研末，饭丸皂子大。每服一丸，五更无根水下，即止。（《集玄方》）
老小暴嗽∶锻石一两，蛤粉四钱，为末，蒸饼丸豌豆大，焙干。每服三十丸，温齑汁下。
（《普济方》）
猝暴吐血∶锻石于刀头上烧研，井水下二钱。（《普济方》）
发落不止，乃肺有劳热，瘙痒。用锻石三升，水拌炒焦，酒三升浸之。每服三合，常令
酒气相接，则新发更生，神验。（《千金翼》）
染发乌须∶矿灰一两，水化开，七日，用铅粉一两研匀，好醋调搽，油纸包一夜。先以
皂角水洗净乃用。（《集玄方》）
身面疣目∶苦酒浸锻石，六、七日，取汁频滴之，自落。（《千金方》）
面 疣痣∶水调矿灰一盏，好糯米全者，半插灰中，半在灰外，经宿米色变如水精。先
以针微拨动，点少许于上，经半日汁出，剔去药，不得着水，二日而愈也。（《集玄方》）
疣痣瘤赘∶锻石一两，用桑灰淋汁熬成膏。刺破点之。（《普济方》）
痈疽瘀肉∶锻石半斤，荞麦秸灰半斤，淋汁煎成霜，密封。每以针画破涂之，自腐。（《普
济方》）
疔疮恶肿∶锻石、半夏等分，为末，敷之。（《普济方》）
脑上痈疖∶锻石入饭内捣烂，合之。（李楼《奇方》）
痰核红肿寒热，状如瘰 。锻石火 为末，以白果肉同捣，贴之。蜜调亦可。（《活人
心统》）
KT 肿痛∶醋调锻石敷之。
（《简便方》）
多年恶疮∶多年锻石，研末，鸡子清和成块， 过再研，姜汁调敷。（《救急方》）
疮不合∶古冢中锻石，浓敷之。（《千金方》）
痔疮有虫∶古锻石、川乌头（炮）等分。为末，烧饭丸梧子大。每服二、三十丸，白汤
下。
（《活法机要》）
疥疮有虫∶锻石淋汁，洗之数次。（孙真人方）
血风湿疮∶千年陈锻石研搽，痛即止，疮即愈，神效。（蔺氏方）
火焰丹毒∶醋和锻石，涂之，或同青靛涂。（《摘玄方》）
猝发风疹∶醋浆，和锻石涂之，随手灭。元希声侍郎秘方也。（《外台秘要》）
夏月痱 ∶锻石（ ）一两，蛤粉二两，甘草一两。研，扑之。（《集玄方》）
汤火伤灼∶年久锻石，敷之。或加油调。（《肘后方》）
杖疮肿痛∶新锻石，麻油调搽，甚妙。（《集简方》）
刀刃金疮∶锻石裹之，定痛止血，又速愈。疮深不宜速合者，入少滑石敷之。
（《肘后方》）误吞金银或钱，在腹内不下。锻石、硫黄一皂子大。同研为末。酒调服之。
（孙用和《秘宝方》）
马汗入疮∶锻石敷之。（《摘玄方》）
蝼蛄咬人∶醋和锻石涂之。（《圣惠方》）
蚯蚓咬人，其毒如大风，眉须皆落。以锻石水浸之，良。（《经验方》）
古墓中锻石（名地龙骨）
【主治】顽疮 疮，脓水淋漓，敛诸疮口。棺下者尤佳（时珍）。
船油锻石，名水龙骨。
【主治】金疮跌扑伤损，破皮出血，及诸疮 ，止血杀虫（时珍）。
【附方】新三。
软疖不愈∶烂船底油锻石，研末。油调敷之。（胡氏方）
下体癣疮∶ 船灰、牛粪，烧烟熏之，一日一次，即安。（《医方摘玄》）
血风 疮∶船上旧油灰，将泥作釜，火 过研末，入轻粉少许，苦茶洗净，敷之。忌食
发物。（邓真人《经验方》）
[Classified as Lower Grade in the *Shennong Bencao Jing*]
**Names:** Shi'e (Tao Hongjing), Ehui (*Shennong Bencao Jing*), Xihui (*Mingyi Bielu*), Duanshi (*Rihuazi Bencao*), Baihu (*Bencao Gangmu*, Compendium of Materia Medica), Kuanghui (*Bencao Gangmu*).
**Collection and Explanation:** The *Mingyi Bielu* states: Duanshi is produced in the mountains, valleys, and rivers of Zhongshan.
Tao Hongjing said: Stones growing near mountains are greenish-white. After being used to build a stove and fired, pouring water on them causes them to steam, heat up, and crumble. This is commonly called Shi'e.
Su Song said: It is found wherever there are mountains nearby; it is made by firing bluish stones into ash. Also known as Shiduan. There are two types: wind-weathered and water-treated. Wind-weathered ones are obtained by placing fired Duanshi in the wind until they naturally disintegrate; these have stronger efficacy. Water-treated ones are obtained by pouring water on them, causing them to steam and disintegrate due to heat; their efficacy is inferior.
Li Shizhen said: Nowadays, people make kilns to fire it, layering firewood or coal at the bottom and stacking bluish stones on top. Igniting from below causes them to burn layer by layer and scatter. For medicinal use, only those that have undergone wind weathering and do not contain stone fragments are considered good.
**Flavor and Properties:** Pungent, warm, toxic.
Tang Shenwei (Daming) said: Sweet, non-toxic. Dugu Tao said: It can neutralize the toxicity of Realgar (Xionghuang), Sulfur (Liu Huang), and Arsenic Trioxide (Pisha), and remove tin stains.
**Indications:** Treats abscesses, sores, scabies, itching, excessive heat, malignant sores, leprosy, necrotic tissue, and eyebrow loss; kills hemorrhoid worms; removes black spots and polyps (*Shennong Bencao Jing*). Treats osteomyelitis (*Mingyi Bielu*). Treats scabies, erodes foul flesh. Stops bleeding from metal wounds, with excellent effect (Zhen Quan). Promotes tissue regeneration, stops bleeding, treats vitiligo and ulcers, scars, hemorrhoids, goiters, warts, and skin tags. Treats acne in women and inability of the vagina to close after childbirth. Relieves alcohol acidity, treats alcohol toxicity, warms the Kidney (Water Zang), and regulates Qi (Tang Shenwei). Causes abortion (Bao Sheng). Disperses blood, relieves pain, stops watery diarrhea and bloody dysentery, leukorrhea, and vaginal discharge; retracts prolapsed rectum and uterine prolapse; eliminates accumulations and nodules; applied to mouth ulcers to darken hair (Li Shizhen).
**Elucidation:** Tao Hongjing said: Duanshi has an extremely fierce nature. If people drink wine infused with it, they will suffer from abdominal pain and diarrhea. In ancient and modern times, it has been mostly used to construct tombs to repel water and insects. Therefore, washing various sores with water from ancient tombs leads to immediate healing.
Meng Gong said: According to the *Mingyi Bielu* and current usage for treating metal wounds, it has a great hemostatic effect. If collected on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, combined with Stellaria dichotoma (Fanlu), Pueraria lobata leaves (Ge Ye), Ophiopogon japonicus (Lu Huo Cao), Quercus dentata leaves (Hu Ye), Paeonia lactiflora (Shaoyao), Rehmannia glutinosa leaves (Dihuang Ye), Xanthium sibiricum leaves (Canger Ye), and Artemisia annua leaves (Qinghao Ye), pounded together with Duanshi, formed into balls the size of chicken eggs, dried in the sun, and powdered, it is wonderful and miraculous for treating sores and promoting tissue growth. Zhen Quan said: To stop bleeding from metal wounds, mix with egg white and rotten ship timber; this is very effective. Do not decoct in soup.
Su Song said: Ancient formulas often used it mixed with hundred herbs in powder form, which is particularly effective for metal wounds. Modern physicians sometimes mix it with bile from a yellow ox collected in the twelfth lunar month, dry it in the gallbladder, and grind it for use, which is superior to herbal remedies. Ancient formulas boiled various herbs with Duanshi to apply to warts, moles, and black spots. Alchemists also use it.
Li Shizhen said: Duanshi is a supreme herb for stopping bleeding. However, it must not come into contact with water, as it will rot flesh upon contact.
**Attached Prescriptions:** Fourteen old prescriptions, thirty-two new prescriptions.
**Drowning:** Wrap Duanshi and insert it into the lower body; once water flows out, life returns. (*Qianjin Fang*)
**Phlegm-Jue Qi-Jue with warmth remaining in the heart:** One he of thousand-year-old Duanshi. One cup of water, boil until rolling, discard the clear water, then add another cup of water and boil until extremely rolling. Clarify and administer. Phlegm will descend and self-heal shortly. (*Jixuan Fang*)
**Wind-stroke with deviation of the mouth and eye:** Stir-fry fresh Duanshi with vinegar, mix into a paste, and apply. Apply to the right side if paralyzed on the left, and to the left side if paralyzed on the right; correction occurs immediately. (Kou Zongshi's *Yanyi*)
**Wind-induced toothache and swelling:** Two-year-old Duanshi and Asarum (Xixin) in equal parts. Grind. Apply to stop pain. (*Puji Fang*)
**Worm-induced toothache:** Mine ash mixed with rock sugar, inserted into the cavity. (*Puji Fang*)
**Wind-worm toothache:** Four taels of century-old Duanshi (powdered), three taels of honey. Mix well, seal with salt mud, fire-roast for one day, then grind into powder. Rubbing teeth with this is miraculous. Named "Shenxian Shixiao San". (Zhang Sanfeng's prescription)
**Dry Huoluan disease:** Thousand-year-old Duanshi, taken with sand sugar water, 2 qian, or light vinegar soup is also acceptable. Named "Luozhan Tang". (*Zhaixuan Fang*)
**Hernia and Qi pain:** Fried aged Duanshi, Myrobalan (Wubeizi), and Gardenia (Shanzhizi) in equal parts. Grind into powder. Mix with dough and vinegar, apply externally; resolves in one night. (*Yifang Miaoya*)
**Women's Blood and Qi:** See under Pig Blood in the Beast Section.
**Postpartum thirst without irritability:** One liang of fresh Duanshi, half qian of Red Lead (Huandan). Take 1 qian mixed with Jiangshui when thirsty. Named "Taohua San". (Zhang Jiegu's *Huofa Jiyao*)
**Leukorrhea and White Yin:** One liang of wind-weathered Duanshi, three liang of Poria cocos (Baifuling). Grind into powder. Make pills with paste the size of Sophora seeds. Take 20-30 pills per dose with rice water on an empty stomach; excellent. (*Jixuan Fang*)
**Unstoppable Watery Diarrhea:** Same as above.
**Alcohol Accumulation Dysentery:** Five liang of Duanshi, mixed with water to form balls, wrapped in yellow clay, fire-roasted for one day and night. Remove clay, grind into powder, make pills with vinegar paste the size of Sophora seeds. Take 30 pills per dose with ginger water on an empty stomach. (*Zhaixuan Fang*)
**Ten-Year Bloody Dysentery:** Three sheng of Duanshi fried until yellow, added to ten dou of water, clarified. Take one sheng per dose, three times daily. (Cui Zhiti's prescription)
**Deficiency-Cold Rectal Prolapse:** Heat Duanshi, wrap in old cloth, sit on it; replace when cool. (*Shenghui Fang*)
**Vaginal Orifice Incompetence, Postpartum Vaginal Laxity, or Uterine Prolapse:** One dou of Duanshi fried until yellow, added to two dou of water, clarified, and used for fumigation. (*Zhouhou Fang*)
**Vaginal Orifice Adhesion:** Use a sharpened copper coin to cut open, then apply aged Duanshi; heals immediately. (*Tongbian Fang*)
**Abdominal and Hypochondriac Masses:** Half a jin of wind-weathered Duanshi, stir-fried in a ceramic vessel until extremely hot. Add one liang of Rhubarb (Dahuang) powder, fry until red, remove. Add half a liang of Cinnamon (Gui) powder, briefly roast. Mix with rice vinegar to form a paste, spread on silk, and apply. Internal administration of mass-resolving medicine is very effective. (*Danxi Xinfa*)
**Malaria with Chills and Fever, occurring once daily, two to three times daily, or every three days:** Two qian of ancient city Duanshi, one qian each of Head Filth (Toutao) and Trogopterus Dung (Wulingzhi). Grind into powder, make pills with steamed rice dough the size of soap beans. Take one pill at dawn with unrooted water; stops immediately. (*Jixuan Fang*)
**Sudden Cough in Elderly and Children:** One liang of Duanshi, four qian of Mercurial Powder (Gefen). Grind into powder, make pills with steamed bread dough the size of pea seeds, bake dry. Take 30 pills per dose with warm pickled vegetable juice. (*Puji Fang*)
**Sudden Hematemesis:** Burn Duanshi on the blade of a knife, grind, take 2 qian with well water. (*Puji Fang*)
**Hair Loss due to Lung Labor-Heat and Itching:** Use three sheng of Duanshi, moisten with water, stir-fry until scorched, soak in three sheng of wine. Take three he per dose, ensuring continuous wine qi intake; new hair grows back miraculously. (*Qianjin Yi*)
**Hair Dyeing and Blackening Beard:** One liang of mine ash, dissolved in water. After seven days, mix with one liang of Lead Carbonate (Qianfen) ground evenly, adjust with good vinegar, apply, and wrap in oil paper overnight. Wash thoroughly with Gleditsia sinensis (Zaojiao) water before use. (*Jixuan Fang*)
**Warts on Body and Face:** Soak Duanshi in sour wine for six to seven days, take the juice and drip frequently; warts fall off naturally. (*Qianjin Fang*)
**Facial Warts and Moles:** Mix one cup of mine ash with water. Insert whole good glutinous rice grains halfway into the ash and halfway out. Overnight, the rice turns translucent like crystal. Gently prick with a needle, apply a small amount of the mixture on top. After half a day, fluid exudes, remove the medicine, keep dry from water; heals in two days. (*Jixuan Fang*)
**Warts, Moles, Tumors, and Tags:** One liang of Duanshi, boiled down with lye from mulch ash into a paste. Pierce and apply. (*Puji Fang*)
**Ulcerated Flesh in Carbuncles and Sores:** Half a jin of Duanshi, half a jin of Buckwheat Straw Ash. Decoct with lye until it becomes frost-like, seal tightly. Pierce with a needle and apply; flesh rots naturally. (*Puji Fang*)
**Carbuncle and Malignant Swelling:** Duanshi and Pinellia ternata (Banxia) in equal parts. Grind into powder and apply. (*Puji Fang*)
**Boils on the Head:** Mix Duanshi with cooked rice, pound into a paste, and apply. (Li Lou's *Qifang*)
**Phlegm Nodules with Redness, Swelling, Chills, and Fever, resembling Scrofula:** Roast Duanshi into powder, pound together with white ginkgo nut, apply. Honey adjustment is also acceptable. (*Huoren Xintong*)
**Testicular Swelling and Pain:** Adjust Duanshi with vinegar and apply. (*Jianbian Fang*)
**Chronic Malignant Sores:** Aged Duanshi, grind into powder, mix with egg white to form a block, sieve and regrind, adjust with ginger juice and apply. (*Jiuji Fang*)
**Non-healing Sores:** Duanshi from ancient tombs, apply thickly. (*Qianjin Fang*)
**Hemorrhoids with Worms:** Ancient Duanshi and Prepared Aconite (Chuan Wutou) in equal parts. Grind into powder, make pills with cooked rice dough the size of Sophora seeds. Take 20-30 pills per dose with plain water. (*Huofa Jiyao*)
**Scabies with Worms:** Lye from Duanshi, wash several times. (Sun Simiao's prescription)
**Blood-Wind Damp Sores:** Grind and rub century-old Duanshi; pain stops immediately, sores heal, miraculous. (Lin Shi's prescription)
**Flame Erysipelas:** Mix Duanshi with vinegar, apply, or mix with Indigofera tinctoria (Qingdian) and apply. (*Zhaixuan Fang*)
**Sudden Onset Urticaria:** Mix vinegar slurry with Duanshi and apply; vanishes instantly. Secret formula of Vice Minister Yuan Xisheng. (*Waitai Miyao*)
**Summer Prickly Heat:** One liang of Duanshi, two liang of Mercurial Powder (Gefen), one liang of Licorice (Gancao). Grind, dust on skin. (*Jixuan Fang*)
**Scalds and Burns:** Aged Duanshi, apply. Or mix with oil. (*Zhouhou Fang*)
**Stick Injury Swelling and Pain:** Fresh Duanshi, adjust with sesame oil and rub; very excellent. (*Jijian Fang*)
**Knife and Metal Wounds:** Wrap with Duanshi; stabilizes pain, stops bleeding, and promotes rapid healing. For deep wounds unsuitable for rapid closure, add a little Talcum (Huashi) and apply. (*Zhouhou Fang*)
**Ingestion of Gold, Silver, or Coins Not Passing:** One soap-bean-sized portion of Duanshi and Sulfur (Liu Huang). Grind together into powder. Take with wine. (Sun Yonghe's *Mibao Fang*)
**Horse Sweat Entering Wound:** Apply Duanshi. (*Zhaixuan Fang*)
**Mole Bite:** Mix with vinegar and apply. (*Shenghui Fang*)
**Earthworm Bite, Toxicity Like Great Wind Causing Eyebrow and Beard Loss:** Soak in Duanshi water; beneficial. (*Jingyan Fang*)
**Duanshi from Ancient Tombs (Named Dilonggu)**
**Indications:** Stubborn sores and ulcerations, dripping pus, closes all wound openings. Those from under coffins are especially good (Li Shizhen).
**Ship Oil Duanshi (Named Shuilonggu)**
**Indications:** Metal wounds, falls and injuries, broken skin with bleeding, and various ulcerated sores; stops bleeding and kills parasites (Li Shizhen).
**Attached Prescriptions:** Three new prescriptions.
**Soft Boils Not Healing:** Grind oil-Duanshi from rotten ship bottoms into powder. Adjust with oil and apply. (Hu Shi's prescription)
**Lower Body Tinea:** Ship ash and cow dung, smoke with burning fumes, once a day; provides relief. (*Yifang Zhaixuan*)
**Blood-Wind Sores:** Old oil ash from ships, make a clay pot, fire-roast, grind into powder, add a little Calomel (Qingfen), wash with bitter tea, apply. Avoid stimulating foods. (Dian Zhenren's *Jingyan Fang*)