性沉寒，入下焦，热血痢则可用。若虚寒人及水泻白痢，即未可轻使。
保定肺气，治嗽多用。白而长于细辛，但粗而脆，不似细辛之柔。以温药相佐使，则
尤佳。余如经。
体如栝楼，其壳径寸。一种长二寸许，上微圆，下尖长，七八月间熟，红赤色。壳中
子如螳螂头者，今人又谓之赤雹子，其根即土瓜根也。于细根上又生淡黄根，三五相连，如
大指许。根与子两用，红子同白土子，治头风。
今陕州采为脯，别有法，甚甘美，兼可寄远。古人以谓荠 似人参者是。此解药毒甚
验。
今南方多有，生阴湿地，不必荆楚。形如水荇而小，面亦光洁，微尖为异。今人谓
之连钱草，盖取象也。其叶各生。捣烂，贴一切热毒痈疽等。秋后收之，荫干为末，水调。
其根上如枣核者，又谓之香附子，亦入印香中，亦能走气，今人多用。虽生于莎草根
，然根上或有或无。有薄皲皮，紫黑色，非多毛也。刮去皮则色白。若便以根为之，则误矣
。其味苦。
恶实是子也，今谓之牛蒡。未去萼时，又谓之鼠粘子，根谓之牛菜。疏风壅涎唾多，
咽膈不利。微炒，同入荆芥穗各一两，甘草炙半两，并为末。食后、夜卧，汤点二钱服，当
缓取效。子在萼中，萼上有细钩，多至百十，谓之芒则误矣。根长一二尺，粗如拇指，煮烂
为菜。
*Di Yu* (Radix Sanguisorbae): The nature is sinking and cold, entering the Lower Jiao. It can be used for dysentery caused by hot blood. If it is a person with deficiency-cold constitution, or watery diarrhea and white purulent dysentery, it should not be used lightly.
*E Shi* (Fructus Arctii): It stabilizes Lung Qi and is often used to treat cough. Compared to *Xi Xin* (Asari Radix et Rhizoma), it is coarser and more brittle, not as flexible as *Xi Xin*. When assisted by warm-natured herbs, the effect is even better. Other aspects are as recorded in medical texts.
*Tu Gua Gen* (Radix Trichosanthis Kirilowii var. Japonica): The body resembles *Gua Lou* (Fructus Trichosanthis), with a shell diameter of about one cun. One variety is about two cun long, slightly round at the top and pointed at the bottom, ripening in July and August with a reddish color. The seeds inside the shell resemble the head of a mantis; people now call them Chi Bao Zi (Red Hail Seeds), and their roots are Tu Gua Gen (Radix Trichosanthis Kirilowii var. Japonica). On the fine roots, pale yellow tubers grow again, connected in groups of three to five, about the size of a thumb. Both the root and seeds are used medicinally; red seeds combined with white Tu Gua seeds treat Head Wind disease.
*Ji Ni* (Radix Adenophorae): Now in Shanzhou Prefecture, it is harvested and made into preserved fruit with a special method, very sweet and delicious, and suitable for sending to distant relatives. The ancients said that the *Ji Ni* resembling Ginseng is this kind. It is very effective in resolving drug toxicity.
*Lian Qian Cao* (Herba Glechomae Longitubae): Now widely available in the South, growing in shady and damp places, not limited to Jingchu region. Its shape is like water mint (*Shui Xing*) but smaller, with a smooth surface, and slightly pointed leaves being its distinctive feature. People now call it Lian Qian Cao, likely named after its leaf shape. The leaves grow separately. Crushed and applied externally, it treats all kinds of heat-toxin carbuncles and sores. Harvested after autumn, dried in shade, ground into powder, and taken with water.
*Xiang Fu Zi* (Rhizoma Cyperi Rotundi): The part of the root resembling a date pit is also called Xiang Fu Zi, used in incense blends, and can move Qi; it is commonly used today. Although it grows near the base of *Sha Cao* (Cyperus rotundus), the root may or may not be present. It has thin cracked skin, purple-black in color, not hairy. After scraping off the skin, the color becomes white. Using the root directly without processing would be a mistake. Its taste is bitter.
*Niu Bang Zi* (Fructus Arctii): Refers to the seed, now called Niu Bang. Before removing the calyx, it is also called Shu Nian Zi (Mouse Bur Seed), and the root is called Niu Cai. It treats wind obstruction with excessive phlegm-saliva and discomfort in the throat and diaphragm. Lightly stir-fried, mixed with equal parts of Jing Jie Sui (Flos Schizonepetae) one liang and roasted Gan Cao (Radix Glycyrrhizae) half a liang, then ground into powder. Taken two qian with decoction after meals and before sleep, effects will gradually appear. The seed is within the calyx, which has fine hooks, up to a hundred or so; calling them "thorns" is incorrect. The root is one to two chi long, as thick as a thumb, boiled soft and eaten as a vegetable.