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Dingxiang (Caryophylli Flos): Grows in Jiaozhou, Guangzhou, and various foreign lands. It belongs to the Cinnamomum (Guizhi) woody plant category, remaining evergreen through winter. Its fruits grow on the branch buds like nails, measuring three to four fen in length, with a purple color. Inside, there is a core as large as Cornus officinalis (Shanyuzi), commonly referred to as "Mother Dingxiang." Harvested in the second and eighth lunar months. Another account states it flowers in deep winter and fruits are harvested the following spring. The male variety is called Dingxiang, while the female is called Jishe (Chicken Tongue).

Dingxiang is acrid and warm, belonging to pure Yang. Its aroma is strong, but its taste is light. It enters the Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian, Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian, and Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian. It is incompatible with Yujin (Curcuma aromatica). Its primary functions are to warm the Spleen and Stomach, dispel Cold in the Stomach, and benefit Yuan Qi. It treats vomiting caused by Cold, or stomach injury from overeating during cold months; Banxia (Pinelliae Rhizoma) may be added. It treats abdominal pain in children due to consuming raw/cold foods, and deficiency-Cold vomiting and diarrhea in children; Shengjiangya (Ginger Bud) may be added. For impetigo (Douchuang) caused by deficiency-Cold, especially when exposed to Winter Cold, Yigong San (Extraordinary Power Powder) is used. If mixed with Ginger Juice (Jiangzhi) into pills the size of Lotus Seeds (Lianzi) and sucked/swallowed, it treats nasal polyps. For patients with blood-wind wheals, one liang of Dingxiang and one fen of Muxiang (Moschus) are ground into powder and applied daily to the affected area. (Note: The original text lists Shi Gao, Gancao, Shengma, Gegen, Shegan here, likely due to textual corruption or appendix insertion; they are listed as per source but not directly linked to Dingxiang's primary action in this context).

[Discussion] Dingxiang utilizes its acrid flavor to diffuse fragrance, transforming aromatic properties into acrid dispersing actions. Thus, it has special efficacy for various conditions caused by Cold Qi in the Spleen and Stomach.

[Differentiation and Treatment] The male variety is used in decocting plasters after removing the "nail" tip. Breastfeeding mothers should avoid using herbs that cause back carbuncles (Beibei Yong). The female variety is larger, like a date pit, with stronger potency, and must not be exposed to fire.

Dingpi (Dingxiang Bark): This is the tree bark, similar to Guipi (Cinnamon Bark) but thicker, with an aroma similar to Tanxiang. It treats toothache and various diseases involving Cold Qi in the heart and abdomen. Physicians often use it as a substitute for Dingxiang.

Tanxiang (Sandalwood): Originally from foreign lands, now also cultivated in Lingnan regions. Wood with thick, yellow bark is Huangtan (Yellow Sandalwood); wood with clean, white bark is Baitan (White Sandalwood); wood with decaying, purple-red bark is Zitan (Purple Sandalwood). All are hard, heavy, and fragrant, with Baitan being superior.

Bai Zhentan (White Sandalwood): Acrid and warm in nature. Enters the Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian and Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian, and circulates through the Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian. It disperses Cold Qi, guides Stomach Qi upward, and treats dysphagia (Yege) and vomiting. Acting above the chest/diaphragm and between the throat, it stops abdominal pain caused by Huoluan (Cholera-like disorder) and reduces swelling/toxins when applied externally to the external genitalia and lower back/kidney areas (grind with water and apply externally). It also tonifies the Spleen and Stomach and regulates Yuan Qi. (Haicang/Li Dongyuan view): It guides aromatic substances to the highest levels (best paired with Citrus species). Assisted by Suansha Ren (Amomi Fructus Rotundus), Yizhi Ren (Alpiniae Oxymataria Fructus), and Doukou (Cardamomi Fructus), assisted by Shengjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens) and Dazao (Jujubae Fructus), to circulate through the Yangming Meridian.

[Discussion] Jiegu (Zhang Congzheng) believed Bai Tan guides Stomach Qi to promote food intake. Binhu (Li Shizhen) treated dysphagia and vomiting, demonstrating that Bai Tan can both ascend and descend. Dongyuan (Li Dongyuan) also discussed Bai Tan... [Text incomplete].

[Processing] After use, it should be sealed in paper to prevent the loss of aroma.