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[Dragon's Blood]
Also known as Qijie. It originates from various countries in the Southern Barbarian regions and Guangzhou. The resinous sap flows from the tree, dripping down like sticky malt syrup. Over time, it hardens and coagulates, taking a shape resembling dried blood. When broken, it exhibits luster; when ground on a fingernail, it stains red through to the nail bed, hence its name. Its taste is sweet and salty, its nature is neutral (Ping), with thin Qi and strong flavor, belonging to Yin, possessing descending properties. It enters the Jueyin meridians of the hand and foot. It primarily treats various pains caused by stagnant blood, golden wounds (trauma from metal weapons), malignant sores, fractures, contusions, and bruises, alleviating pain and promoting tissue regeneration. It also addresses internal injuries resulting in blood accumulation and qi-blood stirring/stabbing sensations. (All indications are best taken with wine). It is used for women's qi-blood disorders, pediatric convulsions/tetany, and insufficiency of blood in the Pericardium and Liver. (Li Haogu notes): The resinous sap of trees is akin to the marrow and blood of humans.

[Borneol / Borneo Camphor]
Commonly referred to as Bingpian (Ice Piece), also known as Meihua Nao (Plum Blossom Brain). Medical texts often refer to it as Naizi (Brain). It originates from Polu (Borneo) countries and is also found in deep valleys of the South Sea. The tree is named Bolü (also known as Gu Bu Polu). Trees that are robust flower and bear fruit; when broken, the overflowing resin forms Polu Gao (Borneo Ointment). Only branches and trunks that have not been damaged retain fragrance; once leaked, they lose their scent. It has no fragrance when wet. When dry, it splits along the grain, resembling mica, crystal clear like ice and frost. Sometimes the wood is sawn into boards, allowing fragrance to overflow from the seams; splitting the wood yields the material. Large pieces form sheets resembling plum petals, possessing strong and complete Qi/Efficacy. Small pieces form granules, known as Mi Nao, Su Nao, Rui Nao, Jin Jiao Nao, and Cang Long Nao. Its taste is pungent and bitter, its nature is warm. Its property favors penetrating and circulating, reaching everywhere without obstruction. It is Yang within Yang, possessing ascending and dispersing properties. (All aromatic substances belong to Yang; this is the crown among aromatics).

[Discussion]
Dragon's Blood is the resin of southern trees, formed by inheriting the Qi of Yinghuo (Mars). When burned with fire, red juice gushes out, and even after prolonged burning, the ash retains its original color. For those without blood stasis, it is unnecessary to use. (Zhongchun notes): This drug has an urgent nature and should not be used in large quantities, yet it can guide pus discharge. (Ri Huazi notes).

[Differentiation and Treatment]
This substance possesses life-saving efficacy for physical fractures and injuries. However, since it comes from foreign lands, it is extremely difficult to procure. There is another view stating that only those resembling wax are usable, while scattered/powdery forms are not.

Commonly called Bingpian. Also known as Meihua Nao. Medical texts often call it Naizi. Originates from Polu countries. Found in deep valleys of the South Sea. Tree name Bolü (also Gu Bu Polu). Robust ones flower and fruit. Broken ones overflow resin forming Polu Gao. Only undamaged branches/trunks have Qi/Fragrance. Leaked ones have no fragrance. No fragrance when wet. Dry ones split along the grain. Resembles mica. Crystal clear like ice/frost. Wood may be made into boards. Fragrance overflows seams. Split to obtain. Large pieces like petals. Strong Qi and full efficacy. Small pieces become granules: Mi Nao, Su Nao, Rui Nao, Jin Jiao Nao, Cang Long Nao. Pungent and bitter taste. Warm nature. Good at penetrating/circulating. Reaches everywhere. Yang within Yang. Ascending and dispersing. (All aromatics are Yang. This is the crown of aromatics).

[Discussion]
Borneol is the chief of all aromatics, combining the virtues of Fire and Metal. Greatly pungent, slightly bitter, and warm/penetrating. It is the essence of thousand-year-old trees, inheriting the Fire and Earth Qi of the South. Wind diseases located in the bone marrow should use it. If the disease is in the blood vessels or muscles, using Borneol and Musk will instead draw wind into the bones, making it impossible to expel. (Dongyuan notes). For stroke caused by qi closure leading to restlessness and panting... One pill... enter Borneol... Counter-treatment method. However, for all stagnations... Bi Da.

[Differentiation and Treatment]
Clear white like ice, and those forming plum blossom petal shapes are superior. Market shops often mix in Fan Xiao (Saltpeter). One must know that Fan Xiao is heavy in texture and dark in color, finely crushed like sand... Mortar light... Zhang Nao (Camphor) is Shao Nao, created from camphor tree residue liquid, treating scabies/tinea, applying to leprosy sores.