气温，味辛。苦而辛，性寒，气浓，阴也。
足厥阴经引经药，又入手少阳经。
《象》云∶主气滞，消食，破积结膈气。去穣。
《心》云∶厥阴经引经药也。有滞气则破滞气，无滞气则损真气。
《液》云∶主气滞，下食，破积结及膈气。或云与陈皮一种。青皮小而未成熟，成熟而
大者橘也，色红故名红皮，日久者佳，故名陈皮。如枳实、枳壳一种，“实”小而青，未穣
；“壳”大而黄紫色，已穣。故壳高而治胸膈；实低而治心下。与陈皮治高，青皮治低同意
。又云∶陈皮、青皮二种，枳实、枳壳亦有二种。
气温，味苦、甘、性平，苦重于甘，阴中阳也。无毒。
入手、足厥阴经。
《象》云∶治大便血结、血秘、血燥，通润大便。七宣丸中，专治血结，破血。以汤浸
，去皮尖，研如泥用。
《心》云∶苦以泄滞血，甘以生新血，故凝血须用。又去血中之热。
《本草》云∶主瘀血血闭，症瘕邪气。杀小虫，止咳逆上气，消心下坚。
除卒暴击血，通月水，止痛破血。入手足厥阴。
《衍义》云∶老人虚秘，与柏子仁、火麻仁、松子仁，等分同研，熔白蜡，和丸如桐子
大。以少黄丹汤下。仲景治中焦畜血用之。
气温，味甘、苦，冷利。有小毒。
入手太阴经。
《象》云∶除肺燥，治风燥在胸膈间。麸炒，去皮尖用。
《心》云∶散结润燥，散肺之风及热，是以风热嗽者用之。
《本草》云∶咳逆上气雷鸣，喉痹。下气，产乳金疮，寒心贲豚。惊痫，心下烦热，
风气往来，时行头痛。解肌，消心下急，杀狗毒。破气，入手太阴。王朝奉治伤寒，气上喘
，冲逆者，麻黄汤内加杏仁、陈皮；若气不喘，冲逆者，减杏仁、陈皮。知其能泻肺也。
《东垣》云∶杏仁下喘，用治气也。桃仁疗狂，用治血也。桃、杏仁俱治大便秘，当以气血
分之。昼则难便，行阳气也；夜则难便，行阴血也。大肠虽属庚，为白肠，以昼夜言之，气
血不可不分也。年虚人大便燥秘、不可过泄者，脉浮在气，杏仁、陈皮；脉沉在血，桃仁、
陈皮。所以俱用陈皮者，以其手阳明病，与手太阴俱为表里也。贲门上主往来，魄门下主收
闭，故王氏言肺与大肠为通道也。
Qingpi (Green Tangerine Peel): The qi is mild, the flavor is pungent. Bitter and pungent, cold in nature, with strong aroma, belonging to Yin.
It is a guiding herb for the Foot-Jueyin Liver Meridian and also enters the Hand-Shaoyang Sanjiao Meridian.
Li Gao (*Xiang*) states: It primarily treats Qi stagnation, resolves food accumulation, and breaks up accumulations and obstructions in the diaphragm. The pith should be removed.
Wang Haogu (*Xin*) states: It is a guiding herb for the Jueyin Meridian. When there is stagnant Qi, it breaks the stagnation; when there is no stagnation, it damages the True Qi.
Zhang Yuansu (*Ye*) states: It primarily treats Qi stagnation, directs Qi downward, aids digestion, and breaks up accumulations and obstructions in the diaphragm. Some say it is of the same origin as Chenpi (Aged Tangerine Peel). Qingpi comes from small, immature fruits; when mature and large, they are oranges, red in color, hence called Hongpi (Red Peel), and those stored for a long time are superior, hence called Chenpi. This is similar to Zhishi (Immature Bitter Orange) and Zhike (Mature Bitter Orange); "Shi" (Zhishi) is small and green, without pith removed; "Ke" (Zhike) is large, yellow-purple, with pith removed. Therefore, Zhike acts higher to treat the chest and diaphragm, while Zhishi acts lower to treat the epigastrium. This aligns with the principle that Chenpi treats upper areas and Qingpi treats lower areas. Furthermore, Chenpi and Qingpi are two distinct preparations, just as Zhishi and Zhike have two distinct forms.
Taoren (Peach Kernel): The qi is neutral, the flavors are bitter and sweet, nature is neutral, with bitterness outweighing sweetness, belonging to Yang within Yin. Non-toxic.
Enters the Hand-Jueyin Pericardium Meridian and Foot-Jueyin Liver Meridian.
Li Gao (*Xiang*) states: It treats blood stasis in the stool, constipation due to blood deficiency, and dryness of blood, promoting bowel lubrication. In Qixuan Wan, it specifically treats blood stasis and invigorates blood. Soak in decoction, remove skin and tips, and grind into a paste for use.
Wang Haogu (*Xin*) states: Bitterness drains stagnant blood, sweetness generates new blood, thus it is required for coagulated blood conditions. It also clears heat from the blood.
*Bencao* states: It primarily treats blood stasis, blood obstruction, masses, and pathogenic factors. It kills parasites, stops cough and rebellious Qi, and dissipates hardness in the epigastrium.
It removes traumatic blood stasis, regulates menstruation, alleviates pain, and invigorates blood. Enters the Hand and Foot Jueyin Meridians.
Kou Zongshi (*Yanyi*) states: For elderly patients with deficiency-type constipation, mix equal parts of Baiziren (Biota Seed), Huomaren (Hemp Seed), and Songziren (Pine Nut), grind together, melt white beeswax, and form pills the size of Sophora seeds. Administer with a small amount of Huangdan (Yellow Cinnabar) decoction. Zhang Zhongjing used it to treat blood retention in the Middle Jiao.
Xingren (Apricot Kernel): The qi is neutral, the flavors are sweet and bitter, nature is cold and purgative. Slightly toxic.
Enters the Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian.
Li Gao (*Xiang*) states: Clears lung dryness and treats wind-dryness in the chest and diaphragm. Stir-fry with bran, remove skin and tips for use.
Wang Haogu (*Xin*) states: Dissipates nodules and moistens dryness, disperses wind and heat in the lungs; therefore, it is used for wind-heat coughs.
*Bencao* states: Treats rebellious Qi with cough sounding like thunder, bi-syndrome in the throat. Directs Qi downward, treats postpartum disorders and metal wounds, cold heart, and Ben Tun (rushing sensation). Convulsions and epilepsy, irritability and heat in the epigastrium, wandering wind pathogens, epidemic headaches. Releases the muscle layer, dissipates urgency in the epigastrium, and detoxifies dog poison. Breaks Qi, enters the Hand-Taiyin Meridian. Wang Chaofeng treated Taiyang disease with upward rushing Qi and wheezing by adding Xingren and Chenpi to Mahuang Tang; if there was no wheezing or rushing Qi, he reduced Xingren and Chenpi. This demonstrates that Xingren can drain Lung Qi.
Li Dongyuan (*Dongyuan*) states: Xingren lowers wheezing and is used for Qi disorders. Taoren treats mania and is used for Blood disorders. Both Peach Kernel and Apricot Kernel treat constipation, but they must be distinguished by Qi and Blood. Difficulty defecating during the day relates to Yang Qi movement; difficulty at night relates to Yin Blood movement. Although the Large Intestine belongs to Geng Metal and is considered the White Intestine, from the perspective of day and night, Qi and Blood cannot be ignored. For elderly and deficient patients with dry constipation who cannot tolerate harsh purgatives: if the pulse is floating indicating Qi involvement, use Xingren and Chenpi; if the pulse is deep indicating Blood involvement, use Taoren and Chenpi. Chenpi is used in both cases because the Hand-Yangming Large Intestine Meridian and Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian are exterior-interior pairs. The贲门 (cardia) governs the free flow of Qi, and the 魄门 (anus) governs closure; thus, Wang's theory states that the Lung and Large Intestine serve as channels.