律云∶见血为伤。非手足者其余皆为他物，即兵不用刃亦是。
伤损条限∶手足十日，他物二十日。
斗讼 ∶诸啮人者，根据他物法。
元符敕申明《刑统》∶以靴鞋踢人伤，从官司验定∶坚硬，即从他物；若不坚硬，即难
作他物例。
或额、肘、膝拶，头撞致死，并作他物伤痕。
诸他物是∶铁鞭、尺、斧头、刀背、木杆、棒、马鞭、木柴、砖、石、瓦、粗布鞋、衲
底鞋、皮鞋、草鞋之类。
若被打死者，其尸口眼开，发髻乱，衣服不齐整，两手不拳，或有溺污内衣。
若在辜限外死，须验伤处是与不是在头，及因破伤风灌注致命身死。
应验他物及手足殴伤痕损，须在头面上、胸前、两乳、胁肋傍、脐腹间、大小便二处，
方可作要害致命去处。手足折损亦可死，其痕周匝有血 ，方是生前打损。
诸用他物及头额、拳手、脚足、坚硬之物撞打痕损颜色，其至重者紫黯微肿，次重者紫
赤微肿，又其次紫赤色，又其次青色。其出限外痕损者，其色微青。
凡他物打着，其痕即斜长或横长；如拳手打着，即方圆；如脚足踢，比如拳手（寸）〔手〕分寸较大
。（凡伤痕大小定作（掌）〔拳〕足他物，当以上件物比定，方可言分寸)凡打着两日身死，分寸稍大，
毒瓦斯蓄积向里，可约得一两日后身死；若是打着当下体死，则分寸深重，毒瓦斯紫黑，实时向
里，可以当下体死。
诸以身去就物谓之磕。虽着，无破处，其痕方圆；虽破，亦不至深。其被他物及手足伤
，皮虽伤而血不出者，其伤痕处有紫赤晕。
凡行凶人若用棒杖等行打，则多先在实处。其被伤人或经一、两时辰，或一、两日，或
三、五日，以至七、八日，十余日身死。又有用坚硬他物行打，便致身死者，更看痕迹轻重
。若是先驱 被伤人头髻，然后散拳踢打，则多在虚怯要害处，或一拳一脚便致命。若
因脚踢着要害处致命，切要仔细验认行凶人脚上有无鞋履，防日后问难。
凡他物伤，若在头脑者，其皮不破，即须骨肉损也。若在其他虚处，即临时看验。若是
尸首左边损，即是凶身行右物致打顺故也；若是右边损，即损处在近后，若在右前，即非也
；若在后，即又虑凶身自后行他物致打。贵在审之无失。
看其痕大小，量见分寸。又看几处皆可致命，只指一重害处，定作虚怯要害致命身死。
打伤处皮膜相离，以手按之即响，以热醋罨（罨）〔之〕则有痕。
凡被打伤杀死人，须定最是要害处致命身死。若打折脚手，限内或限外死时，要详打伤
分寸阔狭，后定是将养不较致命身死。面颜岁数，临时声说。
凡验他物及拳、踢痕，细认斜长、方圆，皮有微损。未洗尸前，用水洒湿，先将葱白捣
烂涂，后以醋糟，候一时，除，以水洗，痕即出。
若将榉木皮罨成痕，假作他物痕，其痕内烂损黑色，四围青色，聚成一片而无虚肿，捺
不坚硬。
又有假作打死，将青竹篦火烧烙之，却只有焦黑痕，又浅而光平。更不坚硬
The legal code states: "Bleeding indicates injury." Injuries not caused by hands or feet are classified as injuries from other objects; this applies even if weapons are not sharpened.
Regarding the statutory limits for injury assessment: Injuries inflicted by hands and feet carry a limit of ten days, while those inflicted by other objects carry a limit of twenty days.
In cases of assault and litigation: Any bite injuries are handled according to the laws regarding injuries from other objects.
The Edict of Yuanfu clarified the *Xingtong* (Penal Code): If a person is injured by being kicked with boots or shoes, official inspection must determine whether the sole is hard. If hard, it is treated as an injury from another object; if soft, it is difficult to classify as such.
Injuries resulting from squeezing the forehead, elbows, or knees, or death caused by head-butting, are all categorized as injuries from other objects.
"Other objects" include: iron whips, rulers, axe heads, backs of knives, wooden poles, clubs, horsewhips, firewood, bricks, stones, tiles, coarse cloth shoes, stitched-soled shoes, leather shoes, straw sandals, and similar items.
If a person is beaten to death, the corpse typically exhibits open eyes and mouth, disheveled hair, disordered clothing, unclenched hands, or soiled underwear with excrement.
If death occurs outside the statutory limit, one must inspect whether the wound is on the head and whether death resulted from tetanus infection.
When inspecting injuries from other objects or hand/foot assaults, only wounds located on the face/head, chest, between the breasts, sides of the ribs, around the navel and abdomen, and at the genital/anal openings can be considered vital areas causing death. Fractures of limbs can also be fatal; surrounding bruising confirms ante-mortem beating.
The color of marks from blows by other objects, foreheads, fists, feet, or hard implements varies by severity: most severe is purplish-black with slight swelling; next is purplish-red with slight swelling; then purplish-red; and least severe is bluish-green. Marks persisting beyond the limit appear slightly green.
Marks from blunt objects tend to be oblong or transverse; marks from fists/hands are round or square; marks from kicks are larger than those from fists. (To estimate size, compare marks to palms or fists using the listed objects.) Death within two days suggests moderate depth with toxin accumulation inward; immediate death implies deep, severe trauma with rapid internal toxin spread.
"Collision" (*Ke*) refers to the body striking an object. Contact without skin breakage yields round/square marks; minor breakage does not penetrate deeply. For injuries where skin is damaged but blood does not flow outward, a purplish-red halo appears around the mark.
Assailants using sticks often strike solid parts first. Victims may die after hours or several days. Immediate death from hard objects requires careful examination of mark severity. If the victim's hair was pulled before beating, strikes likely targeted vital weak points, potentially causing instant death. When kick-induced death is suspected, inspect the assailant's footwear to prevent future disputes.
Head injuries without skin breakage indicate bone or flesh damage. Side-specific injuries help determine the attacker's handedness: left-side injuries suggest right-handed strikes; right-side injuries suggest rear attacks. Careful analysis is crucial.
Measure mark dimensions and identify the single most critical fatal site. Separated skin layers produce a cracking sound when pressed; applying hot vinegar reveals the mark.
For fatal beatings, identify the primary lethal site. Limb fractures require assessing severity to distinguish between fatal trauma and death due to poor recovery. Age and facial features should be noted at the time of inspection.
To reveal hidden marks from other objects, fists, or kicks: Before washing the corpse, wet the area, apply mashed scallion whites, cover with vinegar dregs for one hour, remove, and wash with water to reveal the mark.
Fake marks made using elm bark show blackened rot inside, green edges, uniform coloring without swelling, and feel non-hard upon pressure. Fake burns from heated bamboo strips appear as shallow, smooth, blackened scorch marks, also lacking hardness.