辛，温。产波斯国，黑色者不堪，黄散者为上，臭烈殊常，极臭而又能止臭，最难真
试法以半铢安熟
研细用，热酒
苦，大寒。产波斯国，状似黑锡，木滴脂泪结成也，先捣成粉，然后入药。解巴豆毒
咸、苦，大寒。有木石二种，木泪乃树脂流出者，其状如膏油。石泪乃脂入土石间
其状成块形，
故入药此为
按河间府志曰∶槿树流沫之附者为胡桐泪，遍查本草无此说，惟韩保升言，初生似
柳者差近
苦，寒。选肉浓色黄者，炒褐色。生用则降实火，熟用则不伤胃，酒制则治上，盐制
治下，蜜制则治中。恶干漆，伏硫黄。
苦，温。质浓色紫者良，去粗皮姜汁浸透酥炙用。干姜为使，恶泽泻、硝石、寒水石
忌豆，食之动气，图经
青实，皮极鳞皱而浓，
按浓朴世人相承以复复树充之，视本草所图其形颇相近。然图经云，春生叶，四季不凋，
红
树定为浓朴也，
苦、辛，甘，温。脂浓润者良，去粗皮，盐酒炒，或以姜汁拌炒去丝。恶玄参、蛇蜕
杜仲有树生、蔓生二种，本草欠载蔓生一种。
[Asafoetida] Pungent, warm. Produced in Persia; black ones are of poor quality, while those that are yellow and powdery are superior. The odor is extremely intense and peculiar; it is exceedingly foul yet can stop other odors. It is difficult to verify authenticity. To test: place half a zhu (a traditional unit of weight) in a cooked vessel, grind finely, and take with hot wine.
[Musk] Bitter, very cold. Produced in Persia; resembles black tin, formed from the congealed resinous tears of trees. First pound into powder, then use in prescriptions. Resolves the toxicity of Croton seed.
[Poplar Tears] Salty, bitter, very cold. There are two types: woody and stony. Woody tears are exuded resin, resembling ointment or oil. Stony tears are resin seeping between soil and stones, forming lumps; thus, this form is used in medicine. According to the Gazetteer of Hejian Prefecture: "The foam attached to flowing Jujube tree sap is called Poplar Tears." However, no such description exists in materia medica. Only Han Baosheng stated that those resembling willow shoots at first growth are closer to the truth.
[Phellodendron Bark] Bitter, cold. Select thick flesh with yellow color, stir-fry until brownish. Raw use clears excess fire; processed use does not damage the stomach; wine-processed treats upper body disorders; salt-processed treats lower body disorders; honey-processed treats middle body disorders. Averse to Dried Lacquer; subdues Arsenic Sulfide.
[Magnolia Bark] Bitter, warm. Those with dense texture and purple color are good. Remove coarse bark, soak in ginger juice until permeated, then roast with butter. Dry Ginger serves as a guiding herb. Averse to Alisma Rhizome, Niter, and Halite. Avoid beans, as consumption moves qi. *Tu Jing* records: green fruits, skin extremely wrinkled and thick. Note: People commonly substitute Magnolia Bark with *Ficus pumila*. The shapes in *Tu Jing* are somewhat similar. However, *Tu Jing* states: leaves sprout in spring, evergreen throughout four seasons, red trunk identified as Magnolia Bark.
[Eucommia Bark] Bitter, pungent, sweet, warm. Those with thick, moist resin are good. Remove coarse bark, stir-fry with salt and wine, or mix with ginger juice and stir-fry to remove fibers. Averse to Scrophularia Root and Snake Skin. Eucommia has arboraceous and liana varieties; materia medica lacks records of the liana variety.
[Toona Leaf/Bark] Bitter, warm. Scrape off coarse bark, dry-roast for use. Raw use promotes unblocking; vinegar-processed secures and astringes. Fragrant type is named Chun Pi (Toona Bark), red in color, non-toxic. Foul-smelling type is named Chu Pi, white in color.
[Chu White Bark] Also known as Chinese Mahogany. Bitter, astringent, cool, slightly toxic. Can restrain Arsenic Sulfide, Arsenic Trioxide, and Gold. Both Toona and Chinese Mahogany possess these properties. Commonly mistaken for Camellia by laypeople.