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Exterior disorders (Exterior Eye Disorders) arise from the Six Qi (Six Atmospheric Influences), namely heat, cold, dryness, dampness, fire, and wind. Internal heat attracts pathogens to enter through gaps; following the meridians and their connections, they ascend to the head.
[Note] This clarifies the etiology of exterior eye disorders. "Exterior" refers to obstruction caused by external factors. Wind, cold, summerheat, dampness, dryness, and fire constitute the Six Qi. Diseases of the exterior are all caused by the contraction of the Six Excesses (Six Pathogenic Factors). However, it is necessary that internal heat steams outward, the cou li (pores and interstices) are not dense, thereby attracting external pathogens to enter via deficiency. Entry into the nape belongs to the Taiyang (Greater Yang) meridian; entry into the face belongs to the Yangming (Yang Brightness) meridian; entry into the cheek belongs to the Shaoyang (Lesser Yang) meridian. Each follows its respective meridian's connections, ascending to the head and brain, causing pathology in the eyes. The manifestations include: redness, pain, swelling, astringency (dryness/roughness), excessive discharge (eye gunk), tearing, and nebulae (opacities) obscuring the pupil.

Diseases arising from non-internal or non-external causes result from diet, daily life irregularities, blows, or puncture injuries. The pathogen has no fixed form, potentially forming interior or exterior disorders; careful examination of the cause reveals the truth without concealment.
[Note] This clarifies the etiology of non-internal/non-external causes. It is neither external contraction of the Six Qi nor internal injury from the Seven Emotions (Joy, Anger, Worry, Thought, Grief, Fear, Fright). Instead, it stems from undisciplined diet, overeating or starvation, careless living habits, excessive labor, suffering blows or shocks, or being pierced/injured. Since the pathogen lacks a fixed form, it may result in interior disorders or exterior disorders. One must carefully investigate the causative factor, so that the disease cannot hide its nature.

Interior disorders initially manifest as changes into the Five Winds, along with forms such as Yellow, Green, Black, Dark, Cyan, Round, Ice, Slippery, Rough, Floating, Sinking, Horizontal, Scattered, and Recumbent; shapes like Yellow Center, Black Water, and Jujube Flower; conditions like Thunder Head, Shock/Vibration, and pupil defects; and names such as Sparrow Blindness, High Wind, and Congenital Disorder. These twenty-four syndromes are collectively termed interior disorders and must be distinguished one by one clearly.
[Note] Initial interior disorders refer to symptoms before total blindness, which eventually transform into the Five Wind syndromes. If the pupil turns yellow, it is named Yellow Wind. If it turns greenish-white, it is named Green Wind. If it turns black, it is named Black Wind. If it turns dark-red, it is named Dark Wind. If it turns cyan, it is named Cyan Wind. "Round" refers to Round Nebula. "Ice" refers to Ice Nebula. "Slippery" refers to Slippery Nebula. "Rough" refers to Rough Nebula. "Floating" refers to Floating Nebula. "Sinking" refers to Sinking Nebula, also known as Deep Nebula. "Horizontal" refers to Horizontal Nebula, also known as Sword-Ridge Nebula. "Scattered" refers to Scattered Nebula. "Recumbent" refers to Crescent Nebula. "Yellow Center" refers to White Nebula with Yellow Center. "Black Water" refers to Black Water Coagulated Nebula, also named Black Flower Nebula. "Jujube Flower" refers to Jujube Flower Nebula. "Thunder Head" refers to interior disorder transformed from Thunder Head Wind. "Shock/Vibration" refers to interior disorder caused by fright or shock. "Congenital" refers to Congenital Interior Disorder. These are the collective names for the twenty-four syndromes of interior disorders; they must be distinguished clearly to guide treatment.