味苦，温。主温疟、易狂、寒热、症瘕积聚、瘿气，逐血、止痛，疗金疮。一名野丈人，
一名胡王使者。生山谷。
《吴普》曰∶白头翁，一名野丈人，一名奈河草。神农、扁鹊∶苦，无毒。生嵩山川谷
。破气狂寒热，止痛（《御览》）。
《名医》曰∶一名奈河草，生高山及田野。四月采。
案∶陶弘景云∶近根处有白茸，状似人白头，故以为名。
味辛，温。主杀蛊毒鬼注、精物，辟恶气不祥，逐邪，解百毒。一名爵犀，一名马目毒
公，一名九臼。生山谷。
《吴普》曰∶一名九臼，一名天臼，一名雀犀，一名马目公，一名解毒。生九真山谷及
冤句，二月、八月采根（《御览》）。
《名医》曰∶一名天臼，一名解毒，生九真及冤句，二月、八月采根。
味苦，寒。主 热，身暴赤色，风水积聚，恶疡，除小儿热。一名鬼桃，一名羊肠。生
川谷。
《名医》曰∶一名苌楚，一名御弋，一名铫弋。生山林及田野，二月采，阴干。
案∶《说文》云∶苌，苌楚，铫弋，一名羊桃。《广雅》云∶鬼桃、铫弋，羊桃也。《
中山经》云∶丰山多羊桃，状如桃而方，茎可以为皮张。《尔雅》云∶长楚，姚 。郭璞云
∶今羊桃也，或曰鬼桃。叶似桃；花白；子如小麦，亦似桃。《毛诗》云∶隰有苌楚。《传
》云∶苌楚，铫弋也。陆玑云∶今羊桃是也，叶长而狭，花紫赤色，其枝、茎弱，过一尺，
引蔓于草上。今人以为汲灌，重而善没，不如杨柳也。近下根，刀切其皮，着热灰中，脱之
，可韬笔管。
[White-headed Elder (Baitouweng)]
Taste: Bitter. Nature: Warm. Indications: Primarily treats warm malaria (a type of malaria characterized by predominant fever), manic delirium, alternating chills and fever, zheng zha ji ju (abdominal masses and accumulations), ying qi (goiter or neck swellings). It expels blood stasis, alleviates pain, and treats metal wounds (injuries caused by sharp metal objects). Another name is Ye Zhangren (Wild Old Man), another name is Hu Wang Shizhe (Hu King's Envoy). Grows in mountain valleys.
Wu Pu states: Baitouweng, also known as Ye Zhangren, also known as Naihe Cao. Shen Nong and Bian Que considered it bitter and non-toxic. Grows in the mountains and valleys of Songshan. It breaks qi stagnation, treats mania, chills and fever, and alleviates pain (cited from *Taiping Yulan*).
Famous Physicians' Records state: Also known as Naihe Cao, grows in high mountains and fields. Harvested in April.
Commentary: Tao Hongjing says: Near the root, there is white down, resembling a person's white hair, hence the name.
[Giant Whitehead (Guijiao)]
Taste: Pungent. Nature: Warm. Indications: Primarily kills gu poison, gui zhu (a contagious disease attributed to evil spirits), jing wu (spiritual entities), wards off foul odors and inauspicious influences, expels pathogenic factors, and resolves various toxins. Another name is Jue Xi, another name is Ma Mu Du Gong, another name is Jiu Jiu. Grows in mountain valleys.
Wu Pu states: Also known as Jiu Jiu, also known as Tian Jiu, also known as Que Xi, also known as Ma Mu Gong, also known as Jie Du. Grows in the mountain valleys of Jiuzhen and Yuanju. The roots are harvested in February and August (cited from *Taiping Yulan*).
Famous Physicians' Records state: Also known as Tian Jiu, also known as Jie Du, grows in Jiuzhen and Yuanju. The roots are harvested in February and August.
[Sheep Peach (Yangtao)]
Taste: Bitter. Nature: Cold. Indications: Primarily treats febrile diseases, sudden reddening of the body, feng shui ji ju (water-dampness accumulation forming masses), severe sores and ulcers, and clears pediatric heat toxicity. Another name is Gui Tao, another name is Yang Chang. Grows in river valleys.
Famous Physicians' Records state: Also known as Chang Chu, also known as Yu Yi, also known as Diao Yi. Grows in mountain forests and fields. Harvested in February and dried in the shade.
Commentary: *Shuowen Jiezi* states: Chang refers to Chang Chu, Diao Yi, also known as Yangtao. *Guangya* states: Gui Tao and Diao Yi are Yangtao. *Zhongshan Jing* states: Fengshan has much Yangtao; its shape resembles a peach but is square; its stems can be used as lining for leather. *Erya* states: Chang Chu, Yao. Guo Pu says: This is now called Yangtao, some say it is called Gui Tao. Leaves resemble peach leaves; flowers are white; fruits resemble wheat grains, also similar to peaches. *Mao Shi* states: In the wetlands grow Chang Chu. The Commentary states: Chang Chu is Diao Yi. Lu Ji says: This is the current Yangtao; leaves are long and narrow; flowers are purple-red; branches and stems are weak, exceeding one chi in length, climbing over grass. People currently use it for water-drawing vessels because it is heavy and sinks easily, inferior to willow wood. Near the lower root, if the bark is cut off with a knife and placed in hot ashes, it can be peeled off and used to wrap pen tubes.