（素问皮部论 全）
黄帝问曰∶余闻皮有分部，脉有经纪，筋有结络，骨有度量，其所生病各异。别其分部，左右上下，阴阳所在，病
之始终，愿闻其道。（皮有分部，言人身皮肤之外，上下前后，各有其位，而经络筋骨，亦各有其次，如经脉、经筋、骨
度、脉度、骨空等篇，皆详明其道。而凡生病者，亦各因其部而证有异也。）岐伯对曰∶欲知皮部以经脉为纪者，诸经皆
然。（皮之有部，纪以经脉，故当因经以察部也。）阳明之阳，名曰害蜚，（害，损也。蜚，古飞字。阳明之阳，释阳明之
义也。下准此。害蜚者，当与后心主之阴名曰害肩者，相对参看。按至真要等论曰∶阳明何谓也？曰两阳合明也。厥阴
何也？曰两阴交尽也。盖三阳之阳，惟阳明为盛，故曰合明。三阴之阴，惟厥阴为盛，故曰交尽。此云蜚者，飞扬也，
言阳盛而浮也。凡盛极者必损，故阳之盛也在阳明，阳之损也亦在阳明，是以阳明之阳，名曰害蜚。如阴阳别论曰∶所
谓阴者，真脏也，见则为败，败必死也。所谓阳者，胃脘之阳也。又如平人气象论曰∶人无胃气曰逆，逆者死。脉无胃
气亦死。总以阳衰为言，是即害蜚之类。）上下同法，视其部中有浮络者，皆阳明之络也，（上者，言手大肠经也。下者，
言足胃经也。二经皆属阳明，故视察之法相同。凡其上下部中，有浮络之见者，皆阳明之络也。）其色多青则痛，多黑则
痹，黄赤则热，多白则寒，五色皆见则寒热也，络盛则入客于经，阳主外，阴主内。（此因阳明浮络之色，而察阳明经病
之异也。凡病之始生，必自浅而后深，故络脉之邪盛，而后入于经脉。络为阳，故主外。经为阴，故主内。如寿夭刚柔
篇曰∶内有阴阳，外亦有阴阳。在内者，五脏为阴，六腑为阳；在外者，筋骨为阴，皮肤为阳也。凡后六经之上下，五
色之为病，其阴阳内外皆同此。）
少阳之阳，名曰枢持，（枢，枢机也。持，主持也。少阳居三阳表里之间，如枢之运，而持其出入之机，故曰枢持。）
上下同法，视其部中有浮络者，皆少阳之络也，络盛则入客于经，故在阳者主内，在阴者主出，以渗于内，诸经皆然。（上
者，手少阳三焦经也。下者，足少阳胆经也。凡二经部中有浮络之见于外者，皆少阳之络也。其五色为病，皆与阳明者
同。然邪必由络入经，故其有阳者主内，言自阳分而入于内也。在阴者主出以渗于内，言出于经而渗于脏也。此邪气之
序，诸经之皆然者。按∶出字义，非外出之谓。说文曰∶出，进也，象草木益滋，上出达也。观下文少阴经云∶其出者，
从阴内注于骨。与此出字相同。）
太阳之阳，名曰关枢，（关，卫固也。少阳为三阳之枢，展布阳气于中；太阳则卫固其气而约束于外，故曰关枢。阴
阳离合论曰∶太阳为开。辞异而义同也。）上下同法，视其部中有浮络者，皆太阳之络也，络盛则入客于经。（上者，手
太阳小肠经。下者，足太阳膀胱经。二经色病皆如前。）
少阴之阴，名曰枢儒，（儒，说文∶柔也。王氏曰∶顺也。少阴为三阴开阖之枢，而阴气柔顺，故名曰枢儒。）上下
同法，视其部中有浮络者，皆少阴之络也，络盛则入客于经，其入经也，从阳部注于经，其出者，从阴内注于骨。（上者，
手少阴心经。下者，足少阴肾经。二经色病俱如前。其入也从阳部注于经，即自络入经之谓。其出者从阴内注于骨，谓
出于经而入于骨，即前少阳经云在阴者主出以渗于内之义。）
心主之阴，名曰害肩，（心主之阴，手厥阴之阴也。厥阴者，两阴交尽，阴之极也。肩，任也，载也。阳主乎运，阴
主乎载。阴盛之极，其气必伤，是阴之盛也在厥阴，阴之伤也亦在厥阴，故曰害肩。然则阳明曰害蜚，此曰害肩者，即
阴极阳极之义。）上下同法，视其部中有浮络者，皆心主之络也，络盛则入客于经。（上者，手厥阴心主也。下者，足厥
阴肝经也。二经色病皆如前。此但言心主，而又曰上下同法，则肝经在所遗耳。）
太阴之阴，名曰关蛰，（关者，固于外。蛰者，伏于中。阴主脏而太阴卫之，故曰关蛰，此亦太阴为开之义。）上下
同法，视其部中有浮络者，皆太阴之络也，络盛则入客于经。（上者，手太阴肺经。下者，足太阴脾经。二经色病皆如前。）
凡十二经络脉者，皮之部也。（浮络见于皮，故曰皮之部。）
是故百病之始生也，必先于皮毛，邪中之则腠理开，开则入客于络脉，留而不去，传入于经，留而不去，传入于腑，
廪于肠胃。（廪，积也，聚也。中，去声。）邪之始入于皮也， 然起毫毛，开腠理； 然，竖起也，寒栗貌。腠理，肤
腠之文理也。 音素，逆流曰 。）其入于络也，则络脉盛，色变；（络脉盛，色变异于常也。即上文五色为病之义。）其
入客于经也，则感虚乃陷下；（感虚乃陷下，言邪所客者，必因虚乃深也。）其留于筋骨之间，寒多则筋挛骨痛，热多则
筋骨消，肉烁 破，毛直而败。（挛，急也。 ，纵缓也。消，枯竭也。烁，销烁也。寒多则血脉凝涩，故为筋挛骨痛。
热多则真阴散亡，故为筋 骨消等证。 破者，反侧多而热溃肌肉也。毛直而败者，液不足而皮毛枯槁也。挛，闾员切，
又去声。 音矢。烁，收勺切。 ，劬允切。）
帝曰∶夫子言皮之十二部，其生病皆何如？岐伯曰∶皮者脉之部也，（十二经脉，各有其部，察之于皮，其脉可知，
故曰皮者脉之部。）邪客于皮则腠理开，开则邪入客于络脉，络脉满则注于经脉，经脉满则入舍于腑脏也，故皮者有分部，
不与而生大病也。帝曰∶善。（经脉既有分部，则邪之中人，可视而知，当速去之。若不预为之治，则邪将日深，而变生
大病也。与，预同。）
(Full Text of *Suwen: Pi Bu Lun* [Treatise on the Cutaneous Regions])
Huangdi asked, "I have heard that the skin has distinct regions, the meridians have their courses and connections, the sinews have their knots and networks, and the bones have their measurements. The diseases they generate vary from one another. I wish to know how to distinguish these regions, their locations in the left, right, upper, and lower parts, their yin and yang attributes, and the beginning and end of disease progression. May I inquire about the principles involved?" (The phrase "the skin has distinct regions" refers to the fact that the external surface of the human body, including the upper, lower, anterior, and posterior aspects, each has its specific location, and the meridians, collaterals, sinews, and bones also follow a specific order. Chapters such as *Jing Mai* [Meridians], *Jing Jin* [Sinew Meridians], *Gu Du* [Bone Measurements], *Mai Du* [Vessel Measurements], and *Gu Kong* [Bone Cavities] elaborate on these principles extensively. In all cases of illness, symptoms differ according to the affected region.)
Qibo replied, "To understand the cutaneous regions, one must take the meridians as the guiding principle; this applies to all meridians." (Since the skin is divided into regions governed by the meridians, one should examine the cutaneous regions based on the corresponding meridians.)
The yang aspect of the Yangming meridian is called "Hai Fei" (Harmful Flight). ("Hai" means harm or damage. "Fei" is an ancient character for "fly". "Yangming's yang" explains the meaning of Yangming, and subsequent explanations follow this pattern. "Hai Fei" should be compared with "Hai Jian" [Shoulder Harm], the name for the yin aspect of the Pericardium mentioned later. According to discussions in chapters like *Zhi Yao Da Lun*, what is meant by Yangming? It is the convergence of two yangs. What is Jueyin? It is the exhaustion of two yins. Among the three yang meridians, Yangming is the most vigorous, hence 'convergence of brightness'. Among the three yin meridians, Jueyin is the most vigorous, hence 'intersection and exhaustion'. Here, 'Fei' implies flying or soaring, indicating vigorous and floating yang qi. Whatever reaches extreme abundance inevitably suffers damage; thus, the abundance of yang is in Yangming, and the depletion of yang is also in Yangming. Therefore, Yangming's yang is named 'Hai Fei'. As stated in *Yin Yang Bie Lun*: 'What is referred to as yin is the True Zang pulse; its appearance indicates collapse, and collapse leads to death.' 'What is referred to as yang is the stomach qi.' Furthermore, *Ping Ren Qi Xiang Lun* states: 'A person without stomach qi is termed Ni [Rebellious]; those who are Ni die. A pulse lacking stomach qi also signifies death.' The general point is the decline of yang qi, which falls under the category of 'Hai Fei'.)
The examination methods for the upper (Hand Taiyang Large Intestine) and lower (Foot Taiyang Stomach) are identical. Observe the cutaneous regions of these meridians for visible superficial collaterals; these are all collaterals of the Yangming meridian. (The 'upper' refers to the Hand Yangming Large Intestine Meridian. The 'lower' refers to the Foot Yangming Stomach Meridian. Both belong to Yangming, so the method of observation is the same. Any superficial collaterals appearing in the upper or lower regions belong to the Yangming collaterals.) If the color is predominantly blue/green, it indicates pain; if black, bi syndrome (obstruction); if yellow/red, heat; if white, cold. If all five colors appear, it indicates mixed cold and heat. When the collaterals are full/excessive, the pathogen enters the main meridians. Yang governs the exterior, and yin governs the interior. (This section uses the color of Yangming superficial collaterals to differentiate Yangming meridian diseases. Generally, diseases begin superficially and progress deeply; thus, when pathogenic factors in the collaterals become excessive, they enter the meridians. Collaterals are yang and govern the exterior; meridians are yin and govern the interior. As stated in *Shou Yao Gang Rou*: 'There is yin and yang internally, and there is yin and yang externally. Internally, the Five Zang organs are yin and the Six Fu organs are yang; externally, the sinews and bones are yin and the skin is yang.' This principle of yin/yang and interior/exterior regarding the colors causing disease in the six meridians applies universally.)
The yang aspect of the Shaoyang meridian is called "Shu Chi" (Pivot Holding). ("Shu" means pivot or hinge. "Chi" means to hold or manage. Shaoyang resides between the exterior and interior of the three yang meridians, acting like a pivot that operates and manages the mechanism of entry and exit, hence 'Shu Chi'.)
The examination methods for the upper (Hand Shaoyang Sanjiao) and lower (Foot Shaoyang Gallbladder) are identical. Observe the cutaneous regions of these meridians for visible superficial collaterals; these are all collaterals of the Shaoyang meridian. When the collaterals are full/excessive, the pathogen enters the main meridians. Therefore, pathogens in the yang aspect primarily move inward, while those in the yin aspect primarily move outward to seep into the interior. This applies to all meridians. (The 'upper' refers to the Hand Shaoyang Sanjiao Meridian. The 'lower' refers to the Foot Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian. Any superficial collaterals appearing externally in the regions of these two meridians are Shaoyang collaterals. The diseases caused by the five colors are the same as those in Yangming. However, pathogens must enter the meridians via the collaterals. Thus, 'those in yang move inward' means entering the interior from the yang level. 'Those in yin move outward to seep into the interior' means exiting the meridians to seep into the zang organs. This is the sequence of pathogenic transmission, common to all meridians. Note: The character 'Chu' [exit/out] here does not mean moving outwards. *Shuo Wen Jie Zi* defines 'Chu' as advancing, symbolizing grass and trees growing and reaching upwards. See the discussion on the Shaoyin meridian below: 'Its exit is from the yin interior injecting into the bones,' where 'Chu' carries the same meaning.)
The yang aspect of the Taiyang meridian is called "Guan Shu" (Gate Pivot). ("Guan" means guarding and securing. Shaoyang is the pivot of the three yangs, distributing yang qi in the middle; Taiyang guards and secures its qi and constrains it on the outside, hence 'Guan Shu'. *Yin Yang Li He Lun* states: 'Taiyang is the opening.' The wording differs, but the meaning is the same.)
The examination methods for the upper (Hand Taiyang Small Intestine) and lower (Foot Taiyang Bladder) are identical. Observe the cutaneous regions of these meridians for visible superficial collaterals; these are all collaterals of the Taiyang meridian. When the collaterals are full/excessive, the pathogen enters the main meridians. (The 'upper' refers to the Hand Taiyang Small Intestine Meridian. The 'lower' refers to the Foot Taiyang Bladder Meridian. The color-related diseases for both are as described previously.)
The yin aspect of the Shaoyin meridian is called "Shu Ru" (Pivot Softness/Compliance). ("Ru", according to *Shuo Wen Jie Zi*, means soft or gentle. Master Wang says it means compliant or following. Shaoyin is the pivot of the opening and closing of the three yins, and its qi is soft and compliant, hence 'Shu Ru'.)
The examination methods for the upper (Hand Shaoyin Heart) and lower (Foot Shaoyin Kidney) are identical. Observe the cutaneous regions of these meridians for visible superficial collaterals; these are all collaterals of the Shaoyin meridian. When the collaterals are full/excessive, the pathogen enters the main meridians. Upon entering the meridians, the pathogen injects from the yang regions into the meridians; upon exiting, it injects from the yin interior into the bones. (The 'upper' refers to the Hand Shaoyin Heart Meridian. The 'lower' refers to the Foot Shaoyin Kidney Meridian. The color-related diseases for both are as described previously. 'Injecting from the yang regions into the meridians' refers to entering the meridians from the collaterals. 'Exiting from the yin interior into the bones' refers to exiting the meridians and entering the bones, consistent with the meaning of 'those in yin move outward to seep into the interior' mentioned in the Shaoyang section.)
The yin aspect of the Pericardium (Heart Protector) is called "Hai Jian" (Shoulder Harm). (The yin aspect of the Pericardium refers to the yin of the Hand Jueyin Pericardium Meridian. Jueyin represents the convergence and exhaustion of two yins, the extreme of yin. 'Jian' [shoulder] means to bear or carry. Yang governs movement/function, while yin governs bearing/load. When yin qi is extremely abundant, it inevitably causes injury. Thus, the abundance of yin is in Jueyin, and the injury of yin is also in Jueyin, hence 'Hai Jian'. Since Yangming is 'Hai Fei' [Harmful Flight] and this is 'Hai Jian' [Shoulder Harm], it reflects the principle of extreme yin and extreme yang.)
The examination methods for the upper (Hand Jueyin Pericardium) and lower (Foot Jueyin Liver) are identical. Observe the cutaneous regions of these meridians for visible superficial collaterals; these are all collaterals of the Pericardium. When the collaterals are full/excessive, the pathogen enters the main meridians. (The 'upper' refers to the Hand Jueyin Pericardium. The 'lower' refers to the Foot Jueyin Liver Meridian. The color-related diseases for both are as described previously. Although only the Pericardium is explicitly named, the phrase 'upper and lower share the same method' implies the Liver meridian is included by omission.)
The yin aspect of the Taiyin meridian is called "Guan Zhe" (Gate Hibernation). ("Guan" means solidifying on the outside. 'Zhe' means hibernating or hiding within. Yin governs the Zang organs, protected by Taiyin, hence 'Guan Zhe'. This also aligns with the concept of Taiyin as the 'opening'.)
The examination methods for the upper (Hand Taiyin Lung) and lower (Foot Taiyin Spleen) are identical. Observe the cutaneous regions of these meridians for visible superficial collaterals; these are all collaterals of the Taiyin meridian. When the collaterals are full/excessive, the pathogen enters the main meridians. (The 'upper' refers to the Hand Taiyin Lung Meridian. The 'lower' refers to the Foot Taiyin Spleen Meridian. The color-related diseases for both are as described previously.)
In general, the collaterals of the twelve meridians constitute the cutaneous regions. (Superficial collaterals appear on the skin, hence it is said to be the region of the skin.)
Therefore, the onset of all diseases begins in the skin and hair. When pathogens attack, the interstices (*Cou Li*) open, allowing pathogens to enter the collaterals. If they remain and do not depart, they transmit to the meridians. If they remain in the meridians and do not depart, they transmit to the Fu organs and accumulate in the intestines and stomach. ("Lin" means accumulation or gathering. 'Zhong' is pronounced with the departing tone.) When pathogens first enter the skin, the body shivers (*Xi Ran*), causing the hair to stand erect and the interstices to open; '*Xi Ran*' describes the erect posture and the sensation of chills. '*Cou Li*' refers to the texture of the skin. '*Xi*' (pronounced *su*) refers to reverse flow.) When pathogens enter the collaterals, the collateral vessels become full/excessive, and the color changes. (Full/excessive collateral vessels result in abnormal colors, consistent with the meaning of the five colors causing disease mentioned earlier.) When pathogens invade the meridians, they sink deeper only upon encountering deficiency. (Sinking deeper upon encountering deficiency means that pathogens can only penetrate deeply when there is underlying deficiency.) If pathogens remain between the sinews and bones, excessive cold causes sinew spasms and bone pain, while excessive heat causes wasting and drying of the sinews and bones, muscle emaciation and ulceration, and stiff, dry, and deteriorating hair. ('Luan' means spasm/tightness. 'Zong' means relaxation. 'Xiao' means withering/drying up. 'Shuo' means melting/consuming. Excessive cold causes blood and qi stagnation, leading to sinew spasms and bone pain. Excessive heat causes the loss of true yin, leading to sinew relaxation, bone wasting, etc. 'Muscle emaciation and ulceration' refers to frequent turning over due to heat toxicity ulcerating the muscles. 'Stiff and deteriorating hair' refers to withered skin and hair due to fluid deficiency. 'Luan' is pronounced *lü yuan qie*, also with the departing tone. 'Zong' is pronounced *shi*. 'Shuo' is pronounced *shou shao qie*. 'Zong' is pronounced *qu yun qie*.)
The Emperor asked, "Regarding the twelve regions of the skin you mentioned, what kind of diseases do they produce?" Qibo replied, "The skin is the region of the vessels. (Each of the twelve meridians has its specific region; observing the skin allows one to discern the state of the vessels, hence 'the skin is the region of the vessels'.) When pathogens lodge in the skin, the interstices open; once open, pathogens enter the collaterals. When the collaterals are full, the pathogen transmits to the meridians. When the meridians are full, the pathogen enters and lodges in the Zang and Fu organs. Therefore, the skin has distinct regions. If one does not treat them in advance, major diseases will arise." The Emperor said, "Excellent." (Since the meridians have distinct regions, one can observe and identify pathogens attacking the body, and should remove them promptly. If not treated in advance, pathogens will deepen daily, leading to major diseases. 'Yu' [with/in] is interchangeable with 'Yu' [advance/pre-].)