（《素问·水热穴论》《灵枢·四时气篇》）
黄帝问曰∶少阴何以主肾？肾何以主水？岐伯对曰∶肾者至阴也，至阴者盛水也，肺者太阴也，少阴者冬脉也。故
其本在肾，其末在肺，皆积水也。
（《素问·水热穴论》。肾应北方之气，其脏居下，故曰至阴也。水王于冬而肾主之，故曰盛水也。肺为手太阴经，
其脏属金。肾为足少阴经，其脏属水。少阴脉从肾上贯肝膈入肺中，所以肾邪上逆，则水客于肺。故凡病水者，其本在
肾，其末在肺，亦以金水相生，母子同气，故皆能积水。）帝曰∶肾何以能聚水而生病？岐伯曰∶肾者胃之关也，关门不
利，故聚水而从其类也。（关者，门户要会之处，所以司启闭出入也。肾主下焦，开窍于二阴，水谷入胃，清者由前阴而
出，浊者由后阴而出，肾气化则二阴通，肾气不化则二阴闭，肾气壮则二阴调，肾气虚则二阴不禁，故曰肾者胃之关也。
关闭则气停，气停则水积，水之不行，气从乎肾，所谓从其类也。愚按∶本节云关门不利、则聚水而从其类者，言关之
不通也。《脉要精微论》曰∶仓廪不藏，是门户不要也。水泉不止，是膀胱不藏也。得守者生，失守者死。言关之不固也。
不通则癃闭而 肿，不固则滑泄而脱元，职此之由，总因肾败。夫胃为五脏六腑之海，而关则在肾，关之为义，操北门
锁钥之柄，凡一身元气消长，约束攸赖。故许知可云∶补脾不若补肾者，谓救本之道，莫先乎此也。诚万古不易之良法。）
上下溢于皮肤，故为 肿。 肿者，聚水而生病也。（肌肤浮肿曰 肿。脾主肌肉，足太阴也，寒水侮之，故反聚水而生
病。）帝曰∶诸水皆生于肾乎？岐伯曰∶肾者牝脏也，地气上者，属于肾而生水液也，故曰至阴。（牝，阴也。地气上者，
阴气升也。以阴从阴而生水液，故曰至阴。）勇而劳甚则肾汗出，肾汗出逢于风，内不得入于脏腑，外不得越于皮肤，客
于玄府，行于皮里，传为 肿，本之于肾，名曰风水。（勇而劳甚者，汗自阴分深处而发，故曰肾汗。汗出逢风则腠理闭，
内已离于脏腑，外不得泄于皮肤，故客于玄府而为 肿。此则因水因风，故名风水。）所谓玄府者，汗空也。（汗属水，
水色玄，汗之所居，故曰玄府。从孔而出，故曰汗空。然汗由气化，出乎玄微，是亦玄府之义。空，孔同。）帝曰∶水俞
五十七处者，是何主也？岐伯曰∶肾俞五十七穴，积阴之所聚也，水所从出入也。（凡此五十七穴者，皆积阴之所聚，水
所从出入者也。肾主水，故皆曰肾俞。）尻上五行、行五者，此肾俞。（尻上五行者，中行督脉也。旁四行，足太阳膀胱
经脉也。行五者，中行五穴∶长强、腰俞、命门、悬枢、脊中也。次二行各五穴∶白环俞、中膂内俞、膀胱俞、小肠俞、
大肠俞也。又次二行各五穴∶秩边、胞肓、志室、肓门、胃仓也。五行共二十五穴，皆在下焦而主水，故皆曰肾俞。）故
水病，下为 肿大腹，上为喘呼不得卧者，标本俱病。（水之本在肾，标在肺，标本俱病，故在下则为 肿大腹，在上则
为喘呼不得卧。）故肺为喘呼，肾为水肿，肺为逆不得卧。（肺主气，水在上则气不化，故肺为喘呼。肾主水，水在下则
湿不分，故肾为水肿。然病水者必自下而升，上及于肺，其病剧矣，故肺为逆不得卧也。）分为相输俱受者，水气之所留
也。（言水能分行诸气，相为输应而俱受病者，正以水气同类，水病则气应，气病则水应，留而不行，俱为病也。）伏菟
上各二行、行五者，此肾之街也。（伏菟，足阳明经穴。伏菟之上，即腹部也。腹部之脉，任居中行，左右各二，夹脐旁
两行者，足少阴并冲脉气所发，行各五穴，则横骨、大赫、气穴、四满、中注是也。次外二行者，足阳明经所行，行各
五穴，则气冲、归来、水道、大巨、五陵是也。左右共二十穴，此皆水气往来之道路，故为肾之街也。）三阴之所交，结
于脚也，踝上各一行，行六穴，此肾脉之下行也，名曰太冲。（三阴，肝脾肾三经也。三阴所交俱结于脚，故足太阴有三
阴交穴。踝上各一行，独指足少阴肾经而言。行六穴，则大钟、照海、复溜、交信、筑宾、阴谷是也，左右共十二穴。
肾之大络，并冲脉下行于足，合而盛大，故曰太冲。）凡五十七穴者，皆脏之阴络，水之所客也。（右共五十七穴。皆藏
之阴络，为阴气之所行，故治水者当察而取之。）
风 肤胀，为五十七 ，取皮肤之血者，尽取之。
（《灵枢·四时气篇》。 ，水同。风水肤胀、五十七 ，义俱如前。若皮肤之有血络者，亦当尽取去之。）
徒 ，先取环谷下三寸，以铍针针之，已刺而筒之而内之，入而复之，以尽其 ，必坚，来缓则烦 ，来急则安静，
间日一刺之， 尽乃止。（此泄水之法也。徒，但也。有水无风，故曰徒水。环谷，义无所考，或即足少阳之环跳穴。其
下三寸许，垂手着股，中指尽处，惟奇穴中有风市一穴，或者即此，明者察之。铍针，第五针也。筒，箭室也。已刺而
筒之而内之，入而复之，以尽其 ，谓用针如箭之归筒，出入频复，开通其道，以尽其 也。然 在肤中，其候必坚。
若针后水来迟缓，则必烦闷；若来急速，则必安静矣。仍须间日一刺，以水尽而止。按∶《针要》曰∶凡水气惟得针水沟，
若针余穴，水尽即死。是又不可不知也。铍音披。筒音勇。）饮闭药，方刺之时徒饮之，（凡患水病者，小便多不利，既
已刺治如前，仍须饮通闭之药以拔其本，即方刺之时，亦但饮无碍也。）方饮无食，方食无饮，（药食不宜相混，混则难
于取效。）无食他食，百三十五日。（水肿既消，当忌伤脾发湿等物，至一百三十五日之外，方保其不复矣。）
(Suwen: Discussion on Water and Heat Acupoints; Ling shu: Chapter on Four Seasons Qi)
The Yellow Emperor asked: Why does the Shaoyin meridian govern the Kidney? And why does the Kidney govern water metabolism? Qibo replied: The Kidney belongs to Supreme Yin (Zhiyin); Supreme Yin implies the abundance of water. The Lung belongs to Taiyin, and Shaoyin is the pulse of winter. Therefore, the root of edema lies in the Kidney, while its branch lies in the Lung; both involve the accumulation of fluid.
(Note from Suwen: The Kidney corresponds to the Qi of the North, and its zang organ resides lower, hence it is called Supreme Yin. Water flourishes in winter and is governed by the Kidney, hence it is called abundant in water. The Lung is the Hand-Taiyin meridian, and its zang organ belongs to Metal. The Kidney is the Foot-Shaoyin meridian, and its zang organ belongs to Water. The Shaoyin meridian ascends from the Kidney, passes through the Liver and diaphragm, and enters the Lung. Thus, when pathogenic factors from the Kidney reverse upward, water invades the Lung. Therefore, for all cases of water disease, the root is in the Kidney and the branch is in the Lung. This is also because Metal generates Water, mother and son share the same qi, so both can lead to fluid accumulation.)
The Emperor asked: Why can the Kidney gather water and cause illness? Qibo said: The Kidney is the gate of the Stomach. If this gate is not unobstructed, water gathers and follows its kind.
(Note: "Gate" refers to the critical junction of doors and gates, responsible for controlling opening, closing, entry, and exit. The Kidney governs the Lower Jiao and opens into the two yin orifices. When food and fluids enter the Stomach, the clear portion exits via the anterior orifice, and the turbid portion via the posterior orifice. When Kidney Qi transforms normally, the two orifices are patent; when Kidney Qi fails to transform, the two orifices are blocked. When Kidney Qi is strong, the two orifices are harmonious; when Kidney Qi is deficient, the two orifices lack control. Hence, it is said that the Kidney is the gate of the Stomach. When the gate closes, Qi stagnates; when Qi stagnates, water accumulates. The obstruction of water flow originates from the Kidney, which is what is meant by "following its kind." My commentary: This section states that "if the gate is obstructed, water gathers and follows its kind," meaning the passage is blocked. *Mai Yao Jing Wei Lun* states: "If the granaries cannot store, it is because the gates are not secure." "If water springs do not cease, it is because the Bladder cannot store." Retaining integrity leads to life; losing it leads to death. This speaks of the insecurity of the gate. Obstruction leads to strangury and edema; insecurity leads to incontinence and collapse of Yuan Qi. Their functions lie here, ultimately due to the failure of the Kidney. The Stomach is the sea of the five zang and six fu organs, but the gate is located in the Kidney. The significance of the gate is like holding the key to the northern lock. The waxing and waning of Yuan Qi throughout the body relies on this for constraint. Thus, Xu Zhike said: "Tonifying the Spleen is inferior to tonifying the Kidney," meaning that in saving the root, there is no method prior to this. Indeed, this is an unchanging good method for eternity.)
Water overflows up and down onto the skin, thus forming edema (Fu Zhong). Edema is illness caused by the gathering of water.
(Note: Swelling of muscle and skin is called Fu Zhong. The Spleen governs muscles and belongs to the Foot-Taiyin meridian. Cold water insults it, causing it to instead gather water and cause illness.)
The Emperor asked: Do all water diseases originate from the Kidney? Qibo said: The Kidney is a Yin Zang (Pin Zang). Earthly Qi ascending belongs to the Kidney and generates fluid, hence it is called Supreme Yin.
(Note: Pin means Yin. Ascending earthly Qi refers to the rising of Yin Qi. Generating fluid by following Yin with Yin is why it is called Supreme Yin.)
If one exerts oneself vigorously and works too hard, Kidney sweat will emerge. If Kidney sweat emerges and encounters wind, it cannot enter the zang-fu internally nor vent onto the skin externally. It lodges in the Xuanfu (mystic pores), travels within the skin, and transmits as edema. Its root is in the Kidney, and it is named Feng Shui (Wind Water).
(Note: Vigorous exertion and severe labor cause sweat to issue from the deep Yin level, hence it is called Kidney sweat. Sweating while encountering wind causes the cou li (pores) to close. Internally detached from the zang-fu and unable to vent externally onto the skin, it lodges in the Xuanfu and forms edema. Because it arises from water and wind, it is named Feng Shui.) What is called Xuanfu is the sweat pore.
(Note: Sweat belongs to Water; Water's color is black (Xuan). The place where sweat resides is therefore called Xuanfu. Exiting through the orifice, it is called Han Kong (Sweat Hole). However, sweat is generated by Qi transformation and emerges from the subtle depths, which is also the meaning of Xuanfu. Kong is synonymous with Kong [hole].)
The Emperor asked: What is the primary indication for the fifty-seven water acupoints? Qibo said: The fifty-seven Kidney Shu points are where accumulated Yin gathers and where water enters and exits.
(Note: All these fifty-seven points are where accumulated Yin gathers and where water enters and exits. Since the Kidney governs water, they are all called Kidney Shu.)
Above the sacrum, there are five rows, each with five points; these are the Kidney Shu points.
(Note: The five rows above the sacrum: the middle row is the Du Meridian. The four adjacent rows are the Foot-Taiyang Bladder Meridian. Each row has five points: The middle row's five points are Changqiang (DU1), Yaoshu (DU2), Mingmen (DU4), Xianshu (DU5), and Jizhong (DU6). The next two rows, each with five points, are Baihuanxu (BL30), Zhonglunei (BL31), Pangguangshu (BL28), Xiaochangshu (BL27), and Dachangshu (BL25). The subsequent two rows, each with five points, are Zhibian (BL54), Baohuang (BL53), Zhishi (BL52), Huangmen (BL51), and Weicang (BL50). Five rows totaling twenty-five points, all in the Lower Jiao governing water, are thus called Kidney Shu.)
Therefore, in water disease, downward it presents as edema of the lower limbs and abdominal distension; upward it presents as panting, calling out, and inability to lie flat. This indicates that both the root and branch are diseased.
(Note: The root of water disease is in the Kidney, the branch in the Lung. With both root and branch diseased, downward it manifests as edema and abdominal distension, and upward as panting and inability to lie flat.)
Thus, Lung pathology presents as panting and calling out; Kidney pathology presents as edema; Lung pathology presenting as rebellion presents as inability to lie flat.
(Note: The Lung governs Qi. When water is above, Qi fails to transform, so the Lung presents as panting. The Kidney governs water. When water is below, dampness fails to separate, so the Kidney presents as edema. However, patients with water disease inevitably progress from below upwards, reaching the Lung, at which point the condition becomes severe, so the Lung presents as rebellious Qi and inability to lie flat.)
When divided into mutually transmitting and jointly affected areas, this is due to the retention of water Qi.
(Note: This means water can distribute among various Qi mechanisms, transmitting and responding to each other while jointly suffering disease. Precisely because water Qi is of the same category, water disease elicits a response in Qi, and Qi disease elicits a response in water. Retained and non-circulating, both become pathological.)
Above the Futu area, there are two rows on each side, each with five points; these are the Street of the Kidney.
(Note: Futu is a point on the Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian. Above Futu is the abdomen. In the abdomen, the Ren Mai runs centrally. On either side, there are two rows flanking the navel, which are sites where the Qi of the Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian and the Chong Mai emanate. Each row has five points: Henggu (KI11), Dahe (KI12), Qixue (KI13), Siman (KI14), and Zhongzhu (KI15). The next outer two rows are traversed by the Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian, each with five points: Qichong (ST30), Guilai (ST29), Shuidao (ST28), Daju (ST37), and Wuling (ST36). Left and right total twenty points. These are all pathways for the movement of water Qi, hence called the Street of the Kidney.)
The Three Yin meridians intersect and knot at the foot. Above each ankle, there is one row with six points; this is the descending path of the Kidney Meridian, named Taichong.
(Note: The Three Yin refer to the Liver, Spleen, and Kidney meridians. The intersection of the Three Yin knots at the foot, hence the Foot-Taiyin has the Sanyinjiao (SP6) point. The row above the ankle specifically refers to the Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian. Each row has six points: Dazhong (KI4), Zhaohai (KI6), Fuliou (KI7), Jiaoxin (KI8), Zubin (KI9), and Yinggu (KI10). Left and right total twelve points. The great collateral of the Kidney, along with the Chong Mai, descends to the foot, merging and becoming vigorous, hence called Taichong.)
All fifty-seven points are the Yin collaterals of the zang organs and the abodes of water Qi.
(Note: The aforementioned fifty-seven points collectively. They are the Yin collaterals of the zang organs, serving as pathways for Yin Qi. Therefore, when treating water disease, one should observe and select them.)
In cases of wind-induced skin distension, treat the fifty-seven points by selecting blood vessels in the skin and draining them completely.
(Note from Ling shu: Fu [edema] is synonymous with Shui [water]. The meanings of wind-water skin distension and the fifty-seven points are as described above. If there are blood collaterals in the skin, they should also be drained completely.)
In cases of pure edema (Tu Zhong), first puncture three cun below Huangu using a Pi needle. After puncturing, insert a tube and retain it, moving it in and out to drain all the water. The area must become firm. If the water flows slowly after needling, the patient will feel vexed; if it flows rapidly, the patient will feel calm. Puncture once every other day until the water is exhausted.
(Note: This is a method for draining water. Tu means merely/only. There is water pathogen without wind, hence called Tu Shui. Huangu's meaning is undocumented; it might be Huantiao (GB30) of the Foot-Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian. About three cun below it, with the hand hanging down touching the thigh, at the tip of the middle finger, there is only the Qixue Fengshi (Extra point) in the odd meridians; perhaps this is it. Let experts examine carefully. Pi needle is the fifth type of needle. Tong is an arrow case. After puncturing, inserting the tube and retaining it, moving in and out to drain all water, means using the needle like an arrow returning to its case, frequently entering and exiting to open the pathway and exhaust the water. However, since the water is in the flesh/skin, the presentation must be firm. If water comes slowly after needling, there will be vexation; if it comes urgently, there will be calmness. Still, puncture every other day, stopping when the water is exhausted. According to *Zhen Yao*: For all water qi, only needling Shuigou (GV26) is effective. If other points are needled, once the water is exhausted, death ensues. This is another thing one must know. Pi sounds like 'pi'. Tong sounds like 'yong'.)
Drink medicine to relieve closure during the time of drinking.
(Note: For all patients with water disease, urination is mostly difficult. Having already treated as described above with needling, one must still drink medication to relieve closure and extract the root. Even at the time of needling, drinking is permissible without hindrance.)
Do not eat while drinking medicine; do not drink while eating.
(Medicine and food should not be mixed; mixing makes efficacy difficult to achieve.)
Avoid other foods for 135 days.
(Once edema subsides, one must avoid foods that damage the Spleen or induce dampness. Only after 135 days can one ensure no recurrence.)