体象 洪脉极大，状如洪水；来盛去衰，滔滔满指。
洪脉，即大脉也。如洪水之洪，喻其盛满之象也。
主病 洪为盛满，气壅火亢。左寸洪者，心烦舌破。洪在左关，肝脉太过。左尺得洪，水枯便难。
右寸洪者，胸满气逆。洪在右关，脾土胀热。右尺得洪，龙火燔灼。
按洪脉在卦为离，在时为夏，在人为心，时当朱夏，天地之气，酣满畅遂，脉者得气之先，故应之以洪。洪
者，大也，以水喻也；又曰钩者，以木喻也。夏木繁滋，枝叶敷布，重而下垂，故如钩也。钩即是洪，名异实同。
《素问·玉机真藏论》以洪脉为来盛去衰，颇有微旨。大抵洪脉只是根脚阔大，却非坚硬。若使大而
坚硬，则为实脉而非洪脉矣。《素问·脉要精微论》曰∶“大则病进。”亦以其气方张也。《玉机真藏论》
曰∶“‘夏脉如钩，何如而钩？’岐伯曰∶‘夏脉，心也，南方火也，万物所以盛长也，其气来盛去衰，故曰钩。反
此者病。’黄帝曰∶‘何如而反？’岐伯曰∶‘其气来盛去亦盛，此谓太过，病在外。其气来不盛去反盛，此谓
不及，病在中。太过则令人身热而肤痛，为浸淫。不及则令人烦心，上见咳唾，下为气泄。’”叔和云∶“夏
脉洪大而散，名曰平。若反得沉濡而滑者，是肾之乘心，水之克火，为贼邪，死不治。反得大而缓者，是脾
之乘心，子之扶母，为实邪，虽病自愈。反得弦细而长者，是肝之乘心，母之归子，为虚邪，虽病易治。反得
浮涩而短者，是肺之乘心，金之陵火，为微邪，虽病即瘥。凡失血、下利、久嗽、久病之人，俱忌洪脉。”《素
问·三部九候论》曰∶“形瘦、脉大、多气者死。”可见形证不与脉相合者，均非吉兆。
Morphology The Hong pulse (Surging Pulse) is extremely large in shape, resembling floodwater; it comes with vigorous force and departs with declining strength, surging continuously and filling the fingers.
The Hong pulse is synonymous with the Da pulse (Large Pulse). Like the "Hong" of floodwater, it metaphorically describes its state of abundance and fullness.
Predominant Diseases The Hong pulse indicates qi excess and fullness, with qi stagnation and hyperactive fire. A Hong pulse at the Left Cun position indicates mental restlessness and tongue ulceration. A Hong pulse at the Left Guan position indicates Liver qi exceeding normal limits. A Hong pulse at the Left Chi position indicates depletion of Kidney water and difficult defecation.
A Hong pulse at the Right Cun position indicates chest fullness and rebellious qi. A Hong pulse at the Right Guan position indicates distension and heat in Spleen earth. A Hong pulse at the Right Chi position indicates blazing of Mingmen fire (Ministerial Fire).
In terms of Bagua (Eight Trigrams), the Hong pulse corresponds to Li (Fire); in seasons, it corresponds to Summer; in human organs, it corresponds to the Heart. During midsummer, the qi of heaven and earth is saturated, abundant, and smoothly flowing. Since the pulse reflects the reception of qi first, it responds with the Hong pulse. "Hong" means large, using water as a metaphor; it is also called "Gou" (Hook), using wood as a metaphor. In summer, vegetation grows luxuriantly, branches and leaves spread out, heavy and hanging downwards, thus resembling a hook. Gou is equivalent to Hong; they have different names but the same substance.
The *Suwen: Yuji Zhenzang Lun* states that the Hong pulse comes vigorously and departs weakly, containing profound implications. Generally, the Hong pulse is merely broad at the base but not hard. If the pulse is large and hard, it is a Shi pulse (Excess Pulse) rather than a Hong pulse. The *Suwen: Maiyao Jingwei Lun* states: "A large pulse indicates disease progression." This is because the qi is currently flourishing. The *Yuji Zhenzang Lun* states: "'The summer pulse resembles a hook; what kind of pulse is a hook?' Qibo said: 'The summer pulse corresponds to the Heart, which belongs to Southern Fire, representing the vigorous growth of all things. Its qi comes vigorously and departs weakly, hence it is called a Hook. Reversal of this indicates disease.' The Yellow Emperor asked: 'How is it reversed?' Qibo said: 'If its qi comes vigorously and departs vigorously, this is termed Excess (Tai Guo), indicating disease in the exterior. If its qi does not come vigorously but departs vigorously, this is termed Deficiency (Bu Ji), indicating disease in the interior. Excess causes body heat and skin pain, leading to spreading sores. Deficiency causes mental restlessness, upper symptoms such as coughing and expectoration, and lower symptoms such as qi leakage.' Wang Shuhe stated: 'The summer pulse is Hong, large, and scattered, named Ping (Normal). If instead one obtains a Chen Ru Er Hua pulse (Deep, Soft, and Slippery), this is Kidney Water overacting on Heart Fire, Water overcoming Fire, termed Thief Evil (Ze Xie), which is incurable and fatal. If instead one obtains a Da Er Huan pulse (Large and Slow), this is Spleen Earth overacting on Heart Fire, Child supporting Mother, termed Real Evil (Shi Xie), which will heal spontaneously despite illness. If instead one obtains a Xian Xi Er Chang pulse (Wiry, Fine, and Long), this is Liver Wood overacting on Heart Fire, Mother returning to Child, termed Empty Evil (Xu Xie), which is easy to treat despite illness. If instead one obtains a Fu Se Er Duan pulse (Floating, Choppy, and Short), this is Lung Metal overacting on Heart Fire, Metal suppressing Fire, termed Minor Evil (Wei Xie), which will recover quickly despite illness. For patients with blood loss, diarrhea, chronic cough, or chronic illness, the Hong pulse is contraindicated.' The *Suwen: Sanbu Jiuhou Lun* states: 'Those who are emaciated, have a large pulse, and excessive qi will die.' Thus, it is evident that when physical signs do not match the pulse, it is an inauspicious omen.