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Bitter in flavor, toxic. It primarily treats scrofula (tuberculous lymphadenitis of the neck). Also known as Bailian, Wuliao, Shujing, and Lupu. A single plant produces over a hundred roots; the roots are wrapped with a covering around the stem. The roots are harvested on the third day of the third lunar month.

Sweet in flavor, neutral in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats hernia and mass accumulation (zhengjia) in the heart and abdomen, mouth ulcers, and umbilical injuries. Also known as Jingbian.

It primarily treats toothache, relieves thirst, and makes the body feel light. It grows on the shady side of mountains, with creeping stems as thick as sunflower stalks, and smooth, small seeds.

Bitter in flavor, cold in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats tinea corporis, various chronic sores that do not heal, removes necrotic tissue, and clears intense heat; it should be boiled for washing. Harvested in August, resembling the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica.

Bitter in flavor. It primarily treats pruritic sores, white tinea capitis (white ringworm), and lacquer dermatitis; wash with decoction. Grows in Fangling.

Sweet in flavor, neutral in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats xiaoke (wasting-thirst syndrome), shortness of breath, and enhances cold tolerance. Grows in household gardens, with large, long branches, numerous leaves arranged oppositely, and seeds resembling mustard seeds.

Sour in flavor, non-toxic. It primarily tonifies qi and induces sweating. Also known as Junju, Yanc grass, Daozhi, and Zisi. Grows in Pingling, resembling orchids, with dark, dense leaves and white sheaths around the stem; fruits are reddish-black. Roots are harvested in September.

Bitter in flavor. It primarily treats fever and pathogenic factors. For children with fever, use for bathing. Grows in mountain valleys. Also known as Wangcao.

Sour in flavor, warm in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats flaccidity and bi-syndrome (impairment of sensation and movement). Also known as Leichong. Grows in high ground in fields, with leaves resembling those of *Bidens pilosa*, and beautiful roots. Harvested in May. Chen Yuxi and others verified according to the Shu Bencao: "It can be boiled for bathing to treat diseases."

Sweet in flavor, non-toxic. It primarily treats carbuncles and malignant sores; boil for washing. Also known as Chenyao, Chengu, and Guiba. Grows in marshes. Harvested in August.

Kills rats, tonifies qi, and brightens the eyes. Also known as Baihe. Fruits are dense, growing among trees, with yellow stems; fruits turn black like soybeans in July. Tao Hongjing stated: "Also, Eucommia seeds are also called Zhuzhe."

It primarily treats cough with rebellious qi, benefits lung qi, and calms the five zang organs. Also known as Xun (pronounced 'huo') and Yujing. Harvested in March, dried in shade.

Pungent in flavor, toxic. Apply hot compresses for carbuncles and abdominal distension (skin swelling). Also known as Gaoyu and Zaizao.

Bitter in flavor, non-toxic. Primarily treats ear disorders. Also known as Maer.