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Taste is pungent, nature is slightly cold. It primarily treats vomiting and reverse flow of qi (retrograde movement of stomach contents), gastric reflux (a condition characterized by vomiting food eaten hours earlier), jing xian dian ji (epileptic seizures and manic disorders), clears internal heat and directs rebellious qi downward, stops frequent urination, eliminates toxic heat causing umbilical contraction and pain, and stops bleeding from jin chuang (traumatic wounds caused by metal weapons). After refining and smelting, it can return to the "nine-light" state; long-term ingestion promotes spiritual clarity. Also known as Qianhua (Lead Powder), it is derived from lead. It originates from Pingze in Shu Commandery.

Tao Hongjing stated: This is the Huangdan (Red Lead) obtained by smelting lead today. Its use in painting is rare, and it is seldom used in folk prescriptions, except that the *Xian Jing* (Scripture of Immortals) mentions its necessity for coating cinnabar furnaces. The so-called transformation into "nine-light" refers to using this substance as the material for the furnace itself, with no other refining methods involved. The Tang Dynasty commentary claimed: Both Danfen (Cinnabar powder) and Baifen (White powder) are made by frying tin; thus, the current text calling it Qiandan (Lead Oxide) and Tao's statement about smelting lead are both errors. Current annotation clarifies: This is indeed the modern Huangdan (Red Lead); along with Fenxi (Tin Oxide), both substances are produced by transforming lead. According to Li Hanguang's *Yinyi* (Phonetic Glosses): Huangdan (Red Lead) and Hufen (Basic Lead Carbonate) are both transformed from lead; there is no record of using tin. Therefore, the *Can Tong Qi* states: If Hufen (Basic Lead Carbonate) is thrown into charcoal, its color deteriorates and turns back into lead. *Baopuzi · Neipian* states: Fools do not believe that Huangdan (Red Lead) and Hufen (Basic Lead Carbonate) are made from transformed lead. The current Tang commentary claiming all three substances are made by frying tin is a major error. Minister Yuxi et al. carefully noted according to *Yaoxing Lun* (Treatise on Medicinal Properties): Qiandan (Lead Oxide) serves as the Sovereign herb. It treats palpitations, mania, running away, vomiting and reverse flow of qi, and xiaoke (wasting-thirst syndrome). When decocted into ointment, it relieves pain and generates flesh. Xiao Bing stated: Qiandan (Lead Oxide) is a Minister herb and should not be used in decoctions. Ri Huazi stated: Huangdan (Red Lead) is cool in nature and non-toxic. It calms the heart and spirit, treats gastric reflux, stops hematemesis and cough, promotes tissue regeneration when applied to traumatic wounds, and treats burns and scalds. It can also be used to dye hair and beard. It can be prepared as an ointment.

The *Tujing Bencao* (Illustrated Materia Medica) has detailed entries under the sections for Lead and Tin.

*Waitai Miyao* records: The *Jiyan Fang* (Collected Effective Prescriptions) treats difficult labor (malpresentation): Apply Zhen Dan (Authentic Red Lead) the size of a knife tip to the sole of the infant's foot. *Zhouhou Beiji Fang* records: Ke Wu (alien influence) and Zhong E (sudden evil invasion) illnesses are often contracted on roadsides, causing severe abdominal and chest pain, distension, and qi rushing to the chest and heart. If not treated immediately, they can be fatal. Emergency prescription: Take one cubic inch of Zhen Dan (Authentic Red Lead), mix with three he of honey, and ingest. For patients with locked jaws, pry open the teeth and administer. Another prescription: Treats Shanghan (Cold Damage), seasonal warm diseases, presenting with headache, high fever, and surging pulse. Apply Zhen Dan (Authentic Red Lead) all over the body, sit near fire to induce sweating. Another prescription: For scorpion stings, mix Huangdan (Red Lead) with vinegar and apply topically. Jingyan Fang (Experienced Prescriptions): Bixia Dan: Instantly effective for vomiting and reverse flow of qi. Take four liang of northern Huangdan (Red Lead), sifted, and half sheng of good rice vinegar. Place together in a ding (small cauldron) and boil until dry. Then, subject the vessel to intense charcoal fire equivalent to three cheng (unit of weight/measure) until red-hot. Cool, grind into fine powder, and form pills the size of paulownia seeds using millet rice paste. Take seven pills with fermented soup, do not chew, single dose only. Wangshi *Boji Fang*: Qu Feng San (Wind-Expelling Powder) for treating wind epilepsy: Two liang of Qiandan (Lead Oxide), two liang of Baifan (Alum), ground into powder. Place paper on a brick, spread Dan first, then Fan on top, cover with paper, and burn with ten jin of willow wood until consumed. Remove and grind finely. Take one qian per dose, washed down with warm wine. Liu Shi: Prescription for pediatric malaria: Two qian bi of Huangdan (Red Lead), mixed with honey water for administration. If the patient feels cold, mix with wine for better effect. *Zimu Milu*: Prescription for pediatric chong she (double tongue/swollen tongue): A bean-sized piece of Huangdan (Red Lead) placed inside a tube, positioned under the tongue. Bai Cao Shuang prescription for malaria: Equal parts of Huangdan (Red Lead) and Bai Cao Shuang (Soot from hundred herbs), finely ground. Take two qian bi per dose, mixed with rice drink on an empty stomach on the day of onset; cure usually occurs within two doses.

*Yanyi* states: Qiandan (Lead Oxide) was originally called Huangdan (Red Lead), formed by transforming lead. There are other methods mentioned in the *Tang Ben* commentary claiming it is made by frying tin. However, since the text calls it Qiandan (Lead Oxide), the claim of frying tin is incorrect. This is easy to distinguish: tin appears dark and dull, while lead appears bright and clear. It is used for treating malaria and chronic accumulations.