伤寒者，是寒气客于皮肤，搏于血气，使腠理闭密，气不宣泄，蕴积生热，故头痛、体
疼、壮热也。而汗出者，阳虚受邪，邪搏于气，故发热；阴气又虚，邪又乘于阴，阴阳俱虚
，不能制其津液，所以伤寒而汗出也。
伤寒，是寒气客于皮肤，搏于血气，腠理闭密，气不宣泄，蕴积生热，使头痛、体疼而
壮热也。其余热往来者，是邪气与正气交争。正气胜，则邪气却散，故寒热俱歇；若邪气未
尽者，时干于正气，正气为邪气所干，则壅痞还热，故余热往来不已也。
伤寒，是寒气客于皮肤，搏于血气，使腠理闭密，不得宣泄，蕴积生热，故头痛、体
疼而壮热也。若四五日后，热归入里，则宜下之。得利后，热犹不除者，余热未尽故。其
状∶肉常温温而热也。
伤寒，是寒气客于皮肤，搏于血气，腠理闭密，气不宣泄，蕴积生热，故头痛、体疼而
壮热。其呕者，是胃气虚，热乘虚入胃，胃得热则气逆，故呕也。
伤寒，是寒气客于皮肤，搏于血气，腠理闭密，气不宣泄，蕴积生热，故头痛、体疼而
壮热。其渴者，是热入脏，脏得热则津液竭燥，故令渴也。
伤寒，是寒气客于皮肤，搏于血气，腠理闭密，气不宣泄，蕴积生热，故头痛、体疼而
壮热。其口生疮，热毒瓦斯在脏，上冲胸膈，气发于口，故生疮也。
Shanghan (Cold Damage), refers to cold pathogenic factors invading the skin, struggling with blood and qi, causing the Couli (skin pores and interstices) to become closed and dense. The Wei Qi (Defensive Qi) cannot be disseminated and vented, leading to accumulation and transformation into heat. Consequently, headache, body pain, and high fever occur.
Regarding sweating: this occurs due to deficiency of Yang Qi making one susceptible to pathogens. The pathogen struggles with Qi in the Qi level, resulting in fever; simultaneously, Yin Qi is also deficient, allowing the pathogen to invade the Yin level. With both Yin and Yang deficient, they fail to control and secure the Body Fluids (Jin Ye). Thus, sweating occurs during Shanghan.
Shanghan involves cold pathogenic factors invading the skin, struggling with blood and qi, causing the Couli to become closed and dense. The Qi cannot be vented, accumulating to generate heat, leading to headache, body pain, and high fever. The symptom of alternating chills and fever (Re Wang Lai Wang) arises from the struggle between the pathogenic factor and the Righteous Qi (Zheng Qi). When Righteous Qi prevails, the pathogen disperses, and both chills and fever cease. If the pathogen is not fully eliminated, it occasionally interferes with the Righteous Qi. When the Righteous Qi is disturbed by the pathogen, Qi stagnation and fullness occur, accompanied by recurrent fever. Hence, residual heat alternates continuously.
Shanghan involves cold pathogenic factors invading the skin, struggling with blood and qi, causing the Couli to become closed and dense. The Qi cannot be vented, accumulating to generate heat, leading to headache, body pain, and high fever. If, after four or five days, the heat enters the interior (Li), purgative therapy should be employed. If heat persists after bowel movements are induced, it is because residual heat has not been cleared. The presentation is characterized by muscles feeling warm with persistent low-grade heat.
Shanghan involves cold pathogenic factors invading the skin, struggling with blood and qi, causing the Couli to become closed and dense. The Qi cannot be vented, accumulating to generate heat, leading to headache, body pain, and high fever. Vomiting occurs because Stomach Qi is deficient, allowing heat to enter the Stomach vacuously. Heat in the Stomach causes Qi to rebel upward, resulting in vomiting.
Shanghan involves cold pathogenic factors invading the skin, struggling with blood and qi, causing the Couli to become closed and dense. The Qi cannot be vented, accumulating to generate heat, leading to headache, body pain, and high fever. Thirst occurs because heat enters the Zang Organs. Heat in the Zang Organs depletes and dries up the Body Fluids, causing thirst.
Shanghan involves cold pathogenic factors invading the skin, struggling with blood and qi, causing the Couli to become closed and dense. The Qi cannot be vented, accumulating to generate heat, leading to headache, body pain, and high fever. Sores in the mouth arise because toxic heat accumulates in the Zang Organs, rushing upward to the chest and diaphragm. The Qi emanates from the mouth, thus generating sores.