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The Liver belongs to Wind-Wood in the Five Elements; Wood generates Fire. Only when Blood nourishes the Liver body can this be prevented; otherwise, excessive Fire will damage Blood, leading to eye diseases. The Zang organ primarily governs Shuxie (free flow and discharge). Whenever people feel resentful or unjustly treated, or are invaded by the Six Excesses (Wind, Cold, Summer-heat, Dampness, Dryness, Fire), Qi fails to circulate freely, resulting in eye conditions such as Star Opacities, Nebulae, and Fog-like obstructions. These may appear like spots or punctures, round or square, with various colors and shapes, too numerous to enumerate.

Conditions developing from top to bottom belong to the Taiyang Channel, named Chuilian Zhang (Curtain-Hanging Opacity). Redness with pain indicates Liver Heat; swelling with pain indicates Wind Pathogen; absence of pain indicates Blood Deficiency with internal Heat; whiteness with swelling and pain indicates Qi Deficiency complicated by Wind; pain without swelling indicates Cold Pathogen; neither swelling nor pain indicates sinking of Qi Deficiency. Conditions developing from bottom to top belong to the Foot-Yangming Stomach Channel, named Duizyun Zhang (Piled-Cloud Opacity), also known as Huangmo Shangchong (Yellow Membrane Rushing Up). Those within the Heizhu (Black Pearl/Cornea) are called Neiduiyun Zhang (Internal Piled-Cloud Opacity), indicating insufficiency of Liver and Kidney, with Wood carrying Ministerial Fire upward. Those outside the Heizhu are called Waiduiyun Zhang (External Piled-Cloud Opacity). Swelling, pain, runny nose, and tearing indicate Wind overcoming Liver and Stomach. Yellowish opacity indicates Damp-Heat. Swelling, pain, aversion to cold, and tears like pus water indicate Cold Pathogen. Fleshy congestion with slightly red opacity indicates Stomach Fire. All these are conditions where Qi and Blood are insufficient, with deficiency complicated by pathogens.

Red and white intermixed is named Manao Zhang (Agate Opacity), indicating Heat stagnating in the Liver Channel with mixed Qi and Blood. Pure white and dense is named Shuijing Zhang (Crystal Opacity), indicating Cold attacking Liver Yin. Clustered white stars are named Juxing Zhang (Clustered Star Opacity), indicating Liver-Kidney stagnation and injury to Essence and Blood. A single line hanging down is named Xian Zhang (Line Opacity). Blocking the pupil horizontally is named Hengguan (Horizontal Pass). Initial redness and pain indicate Wind-Cold. Pathogen stagnating in Liver Yin failing to vent, without redness or pain, indicates Liver-Kidney Yin Deficiency with rising Ministerial Fire. A line spiraling on the Fenglun (Wind Wheel/Cornea) is named Xuanluo Zhang (Spiral Snail Opacity). One case is due to superior Yin-Cold, the other due to pathogen stagnating in Liver Yin. Inside the Heizhu and outside the pupil, initially foggy and gradually becoming denser and larger, is named Neizhang (Internal Opacity). Left Guan pulse fine and choppy indicates Liver Qi stagnation not smoothing out. Left Chi pulse surging and rapid indicates Kidney Qi failing to receive.

Whitish and elongated, shaped like a half-moon, is named Banyue Zhang (Half-Moon Opacity), caused by Liver Channel depression and anger. Whitish and dense is named Bai Zhang (White Opacity); slightly thinner is named Baiyi (White Film); thinnest is named Baiwu (White Mist); white dots are named Xing (Stars). Redness, swelling, itching, and pain indicate Wind; redness and swelling without itching/pain indicate stagnant pathogen. White tongue coating with runny nose and tearing indicates Cold; dry and hard eye discharge, photophobia, and aversion to heat indicate Fire. Dryness, astringency, dimness, and blurriness indicate Dryness. These are all Excess patterns. If not swollen but red and painful, it indicates Blood Deficiency with Liver Heat generating Wind. If not red/swollen but painful, it indicates worry, thought, depression, and anger causing Liver Qi stagnation. If neither red nor painful, it indicates Yin Deficiency with blazing Fire. These are all Deficiency patterns. Eye globe pain indicates floating-up of Liver Yang. Full coverage of white opacity with red vessels penetrating the eyeball indicates Liver Channel stagnant Heat. Without white opacity, but seeing red vessels penetrating the eyeball, it indicates Heart Fire punishing Lung and Liver. A single protrusion on the Heizhu is named Xiezhu (Crystal Pearl). Erupting at the apex of the pupil indicates Liver and Kidney channels; erupting below the pupil indicates Yangming; erupting beside the Da Yi (Inner Canthus) indicates Taiyang; erupting beside the Xiao Yi (Outer Canthus) indicates Shaoyang. Whenever fleshy growths are swollen with tearing and runny nose, string-tight and fine pulse indicates Wind; white tongue and slow pulse indicates Cold; red tongue and rapid pulse indicates Fire; fine-weak or rapid-but-forceless pulse indicates Yin Deficiency. This condition arises from pathogen invading Liver Yin, preventing Qi and Blood circulation, or from insufficiency of Essence and Blood, exacerbated by overconsumption of cold-cooling and ascending-dispersing herbs.

Depressed Heizhu is named Xian Zhang (Sunken Opacity). Opacity congealed like ice is named Bing Zhang (Ice Opacity). It indicates pathogen attacking Liver Yin and injuring Qi and Blood. Redness, swelling, floating-stringy pulse indicates Wind. No redness/swelling, slow-fine pulse indicates Cold; this is an Excess pattern complicated by Deficiency. Swelling, pain, and fleshy growths with whitening Heizhu are named Neifan (Internal Flooding), indicating severe depletion of Essence and Blood with stagnation of Wind-Cold pathogen. These are merely general outlines; one must combine pulse diagnosis and tongue inspection to avoid error.