平按∶此篇自篇首至而生大病黄帝曰善，见《素问》卷十五第五十六《皮部论》篇。自夫经络
之见也至末，见《素问》卷十五第五十七《经络论》。又自篇首至末，见《甲乙经》卷二第一下
篇。
黄帝问岐伯曰∶余闻皮有分部，（前说十五大络，循其行处以求其病。次说皮部十二络之以
十二经上之
以皮分十二部，以取其病，故曰皮有部也。）脉有经纪，（大络小络，总以十二大脉，以为皮部
经纪。）筋有结络，（十二经筋，各有结聚，各有包络。）骨有度量，（骨有大小长短度量。）
其所生病各异，（以其皮脉筋骨各各不同，故皮脉筋骨生病异之。）别其分部，左右、上下、阴阳
所在，（别在皮脉筋骨分部异者，有左有右，有上有下，有阴有阳，六种所在。）病之终始，（病
客前六，有初有极也。平按∶终始《素问》作始终。）愿闻其道。岐伯曰∶欲知皮部，以经脉为
纪，诸经皆然。（欲知皮之部别，十二经为纲纪也。十二经皮部络，皆以此为例也。平按∶注部
别袁刻作别部。）阳明之阳，名曰害蜚，上下同法，（蜚，扶贵反。阳明大经为阳，故大小络为阳
明之阳。阳明之脉有手有足，手则为上，足则为下。又手阳明在手为下，在头为上；足阳明在头
为上，在足为下。诊色行针，皆同法也，余皆放此。平按∶蜚下《甲乙经》有“十二经”三字。）
视其部中有浮络者，皆阳明之络也，（浮，谓大小络见于皮者也。）其色多青则痛，多黑则痹，
（络脉俱有五色，然众络以色偏多者候其别病。邪客分肉之间，迫肉初痛，故络青也。久留为冷
为热，或为不仁以成于痹，故络青深为胎黑也。）多黄赤则热，（瘅热在中，气溢皮肤，故络黄
赤也。平按∶《素问》、《甲乙经》无多字。）多白则寒，（垩白，寒也。故寒气在中，络白色
也。）五色皆见则寒热，（青赤黄等为阳色也，白黑二种为阴色也，今二色俱见，当知所病有寒
热也。）络盛则入于经，（盛，大小络盛也。大小络中痛、痹、热、寒、寒热五邪盛者，则循络入
经也。平按∶入下《素问》、《甲乙经》有客字。）
阳主外，阴主内。（阳络主外，阴络主内也。在阳络者主外，在阴络者主内也。）少阳之阳，名曰
枢特，上下同法，视其部中有浮络脉者，皆少阳之络也，络盛则入经，故在阳者主内，在阴者主
出，渗于内也，诸经皆然矣。（少阳络盛则入于经，故主内也；经盛外溢，故主出也。诸阴阳络
主内出者，例以此知也。渗，山荫反，下入也。平按∶枢特《素问》作枢持，《甲乙经》作枢杼，
注云∶一作持。上下同法，《甲乙经》无此四字。络脉，脉字《素问》、《甲乙经》均无。主出
《甲乙经》作主外。注下入也三字袁刻脱。）太阳之阳，名曰关枢，上下同法，视其部中有浮络
脉者，皆太阳之络也，络盛则入客于经。（外盛者，则入于大经也。）少阴之阴，名曰枢 ，（而
泉反。平按∶ 《素问》作儒，新校正云∶“《甲乙经》作 。”今本《甲乙经》仍作儒，正统
本《甲乙经》作 。日本丹波元简《素问识》谓 音软，引《仓颉篇》为柱上承斗之曲木。宜从
《甲乙经》作 。）上下同法，视其部中有浮络者，皆少阴之络也，络盛则入客于经，其入于经也，
从阳部注于经，（从阳络部注于阳经也。）其经出者，从阴注于骨。（从阴络部出注阴经，内注
于骨，少阴主骨也。平按∶《素问》、《甲乙经》无经字。阴字下《素问》有内字，《甲乙经》有部
内二字。）心主之阴，名曰害肩，上下同法，视其部中有浮络者，皆心主之络也，络盛则入客于经。
太阴之阴，名曰关枢，（平按∶关枢《素问》作关蛰，新校正云∶《甲乙》蛰作执。今本《甲乙》
仍作蛰，正统本《甲乙经》作执，袁刻亦作蛰。）上下同法，视其部中有浮络者，皆太阴之络也，
络盛则入客于经。凡十二经脉者，皮之部也。（皮有部者，以十二脉分为部也。平按∶经脉者《素
问》、《甲乙经》作经络脉者。）是故百病之始生也，
下广论外邪主于百病，次第所由也。必先客于皮毛，邪中之则腠理开，开则入客于络脉，留而
不去，传入于腑，禀于肠胃。（外邪气，风寒暑湿。邪入身为病，先着皮毛，留而不出，则腠理
孔开，因开而入，即客于络脉，络脉传入阳经，阳经传入六腑，于是禀承肠胃之气以为百病。平
按∶络脉下《素问》、《甲乙经》均有留而不去传入于经八字。）邪之始入于皮也， 然起豪毛，
开腠理∶（ ，苏护反，流逆上也，谓寒邪逆入腠理也。外邪入身为病也，初着皮毛，能开腠理也。
平按∶ 《甲乙经》作淅。）其入于络也，则络脉盛色变；（能令络盛色变也。）其入客于经也，
则减虚乃陷下；（减气为虚，乃血少脉陷也。平按∶减《素问》作感，道藏本作盛，《甲乙经》
亦作盛。）其留于筋骨之间，寒多则筋挛骨痛，热多则筋施骨消，肉烁 破，毛直而败矣。（循
经入于筋骨之间，留而不去。寒邪不去则为二病∶筋挛拘急，一也；骨乃疼痛，二也。若热邪不
去则以五病∶筋热缓施，一也；骨热消细，二也；身肉烁，三也，烁，余药反，淫邪在肉也；
破裂，四也；毛焦而直，五也。热邪如此客于筋骨之间，遂至于死也。平按∶施《素问》、《甲
乙经》作弛。 《甲乙经》作 。注淫邪在肉，袁刻肉作内。 ， 字袁刻作 。）黄帝曰∶
夫子言皮之十二部，其生病何如？岐伯曰∶皮者脉之部也，邪客于皮则腠理开，开则邪入客于络
脉，络脉满则注于经脉，经脉满则入舍于腑脏，故皮者有分部，不与而生大病。（前明邪入皮毛
乃至禀于肠胃，次言邪入乃至筋骨之间，今言邪入至于脏腑，皆可以从浅至深，以至于大，在浅
不疗，遂生大病也。与，疗也。平按∶不与今本《甲乙经》作不愈，正统本作不与，《素问》新
校正云∶“《甲乙经》不与作不愈，全元起本作不与，元起云∶气不与经脉和调，则气伤于外，
邪流入于内，必生大病也。本注与训疗，与元起所解亦异。”）黄帝曰∶善。
夫络脉之见也，其五色各异，青黄赤白黑不同，其故何也？岐伯曰∶经有常色而络无常变。
（常，谓五色见者定是络色也。然五脏六腑之注定属五行，故脏腑大经各有常色。阴络随于阴经，
色亦不改。阳络虽属阳经，以是阳脉之阳，故随时变也。平按∶《甲乙经》无“青黄赤白黑不同”
七字。络无常变正统本《甲乙经》作络脉无常变。）黄帝曰∶经之常色何如？岐伯曰∶心赤，肺
白，肝青，脾黄，肾黑，皆亦应其经脉之色。（五脏五行之色皆合经脉，故经之色常□也。平按∶
注常下原缺一字，根据经文当作应。）黄帝曰∶其络之阴阳，亦应其经乎？岐伯曰∶阴络之色应其
经。阳络之色变无常，随时而行。（络有阴阳，阴络是阴之阴，故随经色不变；阳络是阳之阳，
故随时变也。平按∶时上《素问》、《甲乙经》均有四字。）寒多则 泣， 泣则青黑，热多则
淖泽，淖泽则黄赤，此其常色者，谓之无病也。（淖，丈卓反，濡甚也。解其阳络随时而变也，
冬月寒甚，则经脉 泣， 泣不通，则阳络壅而青黑；夏日热甚，血气濡甚，则阳络热而黄赤也。
阳络如此随四时而变者，此为阳络常色，谓之无病之候也。不可见而色见者，病也。平按∶ 泣
《素问》、《甲乙经》均作凝泣。淖泽今本《甲乙经》作 泽，正统本《甲乙》作淖泽。此其，
《素问》其作皆。常色者，者字袁刻作也。注则经脉，则字袁刻作虽。）色俱见者，谓之寒热。
黄帝曰∶善。（随一时中五色俱见者，此为寒热之病也。）
[Ping An]: This section, from the beginning to "and then a major illness arises, Huangdi said: Excellent," is found in *Suwen* (Treatise on Plain Questions), Volume 15, Chapter 56, "Pi Bu Lun" (Treatise on Skin Regions). From "Since the appearance of the collaterals and meridians" to the end, it is found in *Suwen*, Volume 15, Chapter 57, "Jing Luo Lun" (Treatise on Meridians and Collaterals). Additionally, from the beginning to the end, it is found in *Jiaying Jing* (The Systematic Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion), Volume 2, Part 1, Lower Section.
Huangdi asked Qibo: I have heard that the skin has distinct regions, (Previously, the fifteen great collaterals were discussed, seeking disease by following their pathways. Next, the twelve skin regions were discussed, dividing the Qi of the twelve meridians into twelve parts on the surface to diagnose disease by observing the skin regions, hence called 'skin has regions'.) the vessels have their organizing principles, (The great and small collaterals are collectively governed by the twelve main meridians, serving as the organizing principles for the skin regions.) the sinews have knots and networks, (The twelve sinew meridians each have points of knotting and respective envelopments.) and the bones have measurements, (Bones have measurements of size and length.) and the diseases they generate differ from one another, (Because the skin, vessels, sinews, and bones are distinct, the diseases arising in them differ.) distinguishing their regions, and the locations of left, right, upper, lower, yin, and yang, (Distinguishing the differences within the skin, vessel, sinew, and bone regions, there are left and right, upper and lower, yin and yang, these six types of locations.) the beginning and end of diseases, (Pathogenic factors reside in the aforementioned six aspects, having both an initial stage and an extreme stage. Ping An: 'Zhong Shi' [end and beginning] in *Suwen* is written as 'Shi Zhong' [beginning and end].) I wish to hear the principles regarding this.
Qibo replied: To understand the skin regions, one must take the meridians as the organizing principle; this applies to all meridians. (To know the distinctions of the skin regions, the twelve meridians serve as the organizing principle. The skin region collaterals of the twelve meridians all follow this example. Ping An: In the note, 'Bu Bie' [region distinction] is written as 'Bie Bu' [distinction of region] in Yuan's edition.) The Yang aspect of the Yangming meridian is named 'Hai Fei' (Flying/Ascending), and the upper and lower (Hand Yangming and Foot Yangming) follow the same method, (Fei, pronounced Fu Gui fan. The great channel of Yangming is Yang, so the great and small collaterals belong to the Yang aspect of Yangming. The Yangming meridian includes hand and foot channels; the hand channel is associated with the upper part (head/face), and the foot channel with the lower part (lower limbs). Furthermore, Hand Yangming is lower in the hand but upper in the head; Foot Yangming is upper in the head but lower in the foot. Diagnosing colors and performing acupuncture follow the same methods, and the rest can be inferred similarly. Ping An: *Jiaying Jing* has three characters 'Twelve Meridians' after 'Fei'.) Observe if there are floating collaterals in the region; these are all the collaterals of the Yangming meridian, (Floating refers to the great and small collaterals appearing on the skin.) if the color is predominantly blue/green, there is pain; if predominantly black, there is Bi syndrome (obstruction), (Collaterals exhibit five colors, but different diseases are predicted based on which color predominates in the various collaterals. When pathogenic factors lodge between the muscle layers, pressing on the muscles causing initial pain, the collateral appears blue/green. If lingering for a long time, becoming cold or hot, or leading to numbness and forming Bi syndrome, the collateral becomes deeply blue/black.) if predominantly yellow/red, there is heat, (Excessive heat inside causes Qi to overflow to the skin, so the collateral appears yellow/red. Ping An: The character 'Duo' [predominantly] is absent in *Suwen* and *Jiaying Jing*.) if predominantly white, there is cold, (White like chalk indicates cold. Thus, when cold qi resides inside, the collateral appears white.) if all five colors appear, there is alternating cold and heat, (Blue/green, red, and yellow are Yang colors; white and black are Yin colors. Since both Yin and Yang colors appear, one should know that the disease involves both cold and heat.) when the collaterals are full/excess, the pathogen enters the meridians, (Full/excess refers to the fullness of the great and small collaterals. When the five pathogens—pain, Bi, heat, cold, and alternating cold/heat—are excessive in the great and small collaterals, they enter the meridians along the collaterals. Ping An: *Suwen* and *Jiaying Jing* add the character 'Ke' [lodge/reside] after 'Ru' [enter].)
Yang collaterals govern the exterior, and Yin collaterals govern the interior. (Yang collaterals govern the exterior, Yin collaterals govern the interior. Those in the Yang collaterals govern the exterior, those in the Yin collaterals govern the interior.) The Yang aspect of the Shaoyang meridian is named 'Shu Te' (Pivot Special), and the upper and lower follow the same method. Observe if there are floating collaterals in the region; these are all the collaterals of the Shaoyang meridian. When the collaterals are full/excess, the pathogen enters the meridians; thus, what is in the Yang governs the interior, and what is in the Yin governs the exit, seeping into the interior; this applies to all meridians. (When Shaoyang collaterals are full/excess, they enter the meridians, thus governing the interior; when meridians are full/excess and overflow outward, they govern the exit. The rules of Yin and Yang collaterals governing entry and exit can be understood by this example. Shen, pronounced Shan Yin fan, means descending/entering. Ping An: 'Shu Te' in *Suwen* is 'Shu Chi' [Pivot Hold], and in *Jiaying Jing* is 'Shu Zhu' [Pivot Pin], noted as also 'Chi'. The four characters 'Shang Xia Tong Fa' [Upper and lower follow the same method] are absent in *Jiaying Jing*. The character 'Mai' [vessel] in 'Luo Mai' is absent in *Suwen* and *Jiaying Jing*. 'Zhu Chu' [govern exit] in *Jiaying Jing* is 'Zhu Wai' [govern exterior]. The three characters 'Xia Ru Ye' [means entering downward] are omitted in Yuan's edition.) The Yang aspect of the Taiyang meridian is named 'Guan Shu' (Gate Pivot), and the upper and lower follow the same method. Observe if there are floating collaterals in the region; these are all the collaterals of the Taiyang meridian. When the collaterals are full/excess, the pathogen enters and lodges in the meridians. (Exterior excess enters the great meridians.) The Yin aspect of the Shaoyin meridian is named 'Shu Ru' (Pivot Confucian/Pillar) (Er Quan fan. Ping An: *Suwen* writes 'Ru', Xin Zheng Jiao says: "*Jiaying Jing* writes ''. Current editions of *Jiaying Jing* still write 'Ru', orthodox edition writes ''. Danbo Yuanjian's *Suwen Shi* in Japan states '' sounds like 'Ruan', citing *Cangjie Pian* as the curved wood supporting the dipper on the pillar. It is advisable to follow *Jiaying Jing* writing ''. ), and the upper and lower follow the same method. Observe if there are floating collaterals in the region; these are all the collaterals of the Shaoyin meridian. When the collaterals are full/excess, the pathogen enters and lodges in the meridians. When entering the meridians, it flows from the Yang region into the meridians, (Flowing from the Yang collateral region into the Yang meridians.) and when exiting the meridians, it flows from the Yin region into the bones. (Exiting from the Yin collateral region into the Yin meridians, internally flowing into the bones; Shaoyin governs the bones. Ping An: The character 'Jing' [meridian] is absent in *Suwen* and *Jiaying Jing*. After the character 'Yin', *Suwen* has 'Nei' [inside], and *Jiaying Jing* has 'Bu Nei' [region inside].) The Yin aspect of the Heart Master (Pericardium) is named 'Hai Jian' (Shoulder Burden), and the upper and lower follow the same method. Observe if there are floating collaterals in the region; these are all the collaterals of the Heart Master. When the collaterals are full/excess, the pathogen enters and lodges in the meridians. The Yin aspect of the Taiyin meridian is named 'Guan Shu' (Gate Pivot) (Ping An: 'Guan Shu' in *Suwen* is 'Guan Zhe' [Gate Hibernation], Xin Zheng Jiao says: *Jiaying* 'Zhe' is 'Zhi'. Current *Jiaying* still writes 'Zhe', orthodox edition writes 'Zhi', Yuan edition also writes 'Zhe'.), and the upper and lower follow the same method. Observe if there are floating collaterals in the region; these are all the collaterals of the Taiyin meridian. When the collaterals are full/excess, the pathogen enters and lodges in the meridians. All twelve meridians are the regions of the skin. (Skin has regions because the twelve meridians divide them into parts. Ping An: 'Jing Mai Zhe' [Meridians are] in *Suwen* and *Jiaying Jing* is written as 'Jing Luo Mai Zhe' [Meridians and Vessels are].)
Therefore, the onset of all diseases, discussed extensively below regarding how external pathogens lead to various diseases in sequence, must first lodge in the skin and hair. When pathogenic factors invade, the interstices (Cou Li) open; once open, they enter the collaterals, stay without departing, transmit to the Fu organs, and assimilate into the stomach and intestines. (External pathogenic factors refer to wind, cold, summer-heat, and dampness. When pathogenic factors enter the body to cause disease, they first attach to the skin and hair. If they linger and do not exit, the pores of the interstices open, allowing entry, lodging in the collaterals. The collaterals transmit to the Yang meridians, and the Yang meridians transmit to the Six Fu organs, thereby assimilating the Qi of the stomach and intestines to form various diseases. Ping An: *Suwen* and *Jiaying Jing* have eight characters 'Liu Er Bu Qu Chuan Ru Yu Jing' [Stay without departing, transmit to the meridians] after 'Luo Mai' [collaterals].) When pathogenic factors initially enter the skin, bristles rise like being sprinkled with cold water, and the interstices open: ( , Su Hu fan, flowing upward against the flow, meaning cold pathogenic factors逆流 into the interstices. When external pathogenic factors enter the body to cause disease, initially attaching to skin and hair, they can open the interstices. Ping An: *Jiaying Jing* writes 'Xi'.) When they enter the collaterals, the collaterals become full/excess and the color changes; (Causing collaterals to become full/excess and color to change.) when they lodge in the meridians, Qi is diminished and becomes deficient, leading to sinking/collapse; (Diminished Qi is deficiency, leading to blood scarcity and sunken pulses. Ping An: 'Jian' [diminish] in *Suwen* is 'Gan' [feel/sense], Daozang edition writes 'Sheng' [excess/full], and *Jiaying Jing* also writes 'Sheng'.) If they remain between the sinews and bones, excessive cold causes sinew spasms and bone pain, while excessive heat causes sinews to relax and bones to atrophy, flesh to emaciate and rupture, and hair to become straight and decay. (Entering the sinews and bones along the meridians and remaining there. If cold pathogenic factors do not depart, two diseases arise: one is sinew spasm and stiffness, two is bone pain. If heat pathogenic factors do not depart, five diseases arise: one is sinew heat and relaxation, two is bone heat and atrophy, three is flesh emaciation, three Shuo, Yu Yao fan, evil pathogenic factors in flesh; four is rupture, five is hair dry and straight, five. Heat pathogenic factors lodging in the sinews and bones in this manner eventually lead to death. Ping An: 'Shi' in *Suwen* and *Jiaying Jing* is 'Chi' [relax]. *Jiaying Jing* writes ' '. Note 'Yin Xie Zai Rou' [evil pathogenic factors in flesh], Yuan edition writes 'Rou' as 'Nei'. Character , Yuan edition writes as ' '.)
Huangdi said: You spoke of the twelve regions of the skin, how do they become diseased? Qibo said: The skin is the region of the vessels. When pathogenic factors lodge in the skin, the interstices open; once open, the pathogen enters and lodges in the collaterals. When the collaterals are full, it transmits to the meridians; when the meridians are full, it enters and resides in the Fu and Zang organs. Therefore, the skin has regions. If not treated, major illnesses will arise. (Previously, it was clarified that pathogenic factors enter the skin and hair up to assimilating into the stomach and intestines; next, it was stated that pathogenic factors enter up to the sinews and bones; now it is stated that pathogenic factors enter up to the Fu and Zang organs. All can progress from shallow to deep, leading to major illness. If not treated at the shallow stage, major illness ensues. 'Yu' is synonymous with 'Liao' [treat]. Ping An: 'Bu Yu' [not treat/not heal] in current *Jiaying Jing* is 'Bu Yu' [not heal], orthodox edition writes 'Bu Yu'. *Suwen* Xin Zheng Jiao says: "*Jiaying Jing* 'Bu Yu' is written as 'Bu Yu' [not heal], Quan Yuanqi edition writes 'Bu Yu' [not treat]. Yuanqi said: If Qi does not harmonize with the meridians, Qi is damaged externally, and pathogenic factors flow inward, inevitably causing major illness. This note interprets 'Yu' as 'treat', differing from Yuanqi's explanation.) Huangdi said: Excellent.
Regarding the appearance of collaterals, their five colors differ, with blue/green, yellow, red, white, and black varying differently. What is the reason? Qibo said: Meridians have constant colors, while collaterals have variable colors. (Constant refers to the five colors seen being definite collateral colors. However, the Five Zang and Six Fu organs are fixedly assigned to the Five Elements, so the great meridians of the Zang and Fu organs each have constant colors. Yin collaterals follow Yin meridians, and their colors do not change. Although Yang collaterals belong to Yang meridians, as they are the Yang of Yang vessels, they change according to the times. Ping An: *Jiaying Jing* lacks the seven characters 'Qing Huang Chi Bai Hei Bu Tong' [blue/green, yellow, red, white, black differ]. 'Luo Wu Chang Bian' [collaterals have no constant change] in orthodox *Jiaying Jing* is written as 'Luo Mai Wu Chang Bian' [collateral vessels have no constant change].) Huangdi said: What are the constant colors of the meridians? Qibo said: The heart is red, the lungs are white, the liver is blue/green, the spleen is yellow, and the kidneys are black; all correspond to the colors of their respective meridians. (The colors of the Five Zang corresponding to the Five Elements all match the meridians, so the color of the meridians is constantly corresponding. Ping An: The original note is missing one character after 'Chang' [constant]; based on the text, it should be 'Ying' [correspond].) Huangdi said: Do the Yin and Yang of the collaterals also correspond to their meridians? Qibo said: The color of Yin collaterals corresponds to their meridians. The color of Yang collaterals changes without constancy, proceeding according to the seasons. (Collaterals have Yin and Yang. Yin collaterals are Yin of Yin, so they follow the meridian color without changing; Yang collaterals are Yang of Yang, so they change according to the times. Ping An: Four characters before 'Shi' [time/season] are present in *Suwen* and *Jiaying Jing*.) Excessive cold causes blood to congeal and stagnate; congealing and stagnating leads to blue/black colors. Excessive heat causes blood to be moist and lustrous; moist and lustrous leads to yellow/red colors. These are normal colors, called indicating no disease. (Nao, Zhang Zhuo fan, extremely moist. Explaining that Yang collaterals change according to the times: in winter when cold is severe, meridians congeal and stagnate; congealing and stagnating blocks flow, causing Yang collaterals to be obstructed and appear blue/black; in summer when heat is severe, blood and Qi are extremely moist, causing Yang collaterals to be hot and appear yellow/red. When Yang collaterals change according to the four seasons in this way, this is the normal color of Yang collaterals, called the sign of no disease. Colors appearing where they should not are signs of disease. Ping An: 'Ni Qi' [congeal and stagnate] in *Suwen* and *Jiaying Jing* is written as 'Ni Qi'. 'Nao Ze' in current *Jiaying Jing* is 'Ze', orthodox edition writes 'Nao Ze'. 'Ci Qi' [this is], *Suwen* writes 'Qi' as 'Jie' [all]. 'Chang Se Zhe' [normal color ones], the character 'Zhe' in Yuan edition is 'Ye' [particle]. Note 'Ze Jing Mai' [then meridians], the character 'Ze' in Yuan edition is 'Sui' [although].) If all five colors appear together, it is called alternating cold and heat. Huangdi said: Excellent. (If all five colors appear simultaneously in one season, this is a disease of alternating cold and heat.)