《传》曰，名不正则言不顺，病之名状，其类至多，原其所由，似是而非者尤多。若体
认之，明辨其所因之的，则何患其多也。夫伤寒六经之病，足太阳膀胱经，头项强，腰脊痛，
无汗。足阳明胃经，身热，目疼，鼻干。足少阳胆经，胸肋痛，耳聋。足太阴脾经，自利不
渴
或愈或死，愈者多出旬日之外，死则在六七日之间，独寒独热亦难治，世号为大病。阳毒之
为病，乃阳气独盛，阴气暴绝。阴毒之为病，本因肾气虚寒，或因冷物伤脾胃，内既伏阴，
外又感寒所致。阳厥初病，身热头痛，至二三日、四五日方发厥，半日却身热，盖热深方能
发厥。阴厥初得病，便四肢厥冷，乃阴胜于阳也。厥者，阴阳不相顺接。厥少热多者，其病
当愈；厥多热少者，其病为进。或加以上气脚缩，则为六腑气先绝于外也。至于下利清谷，
不可攻表，汗出必胀满，下利有微热而渴自愈；中之者，皆因下虚气弱，凌犯霜露，及冒风
雪中行所致。伤风之病在表，在经络中循经流注，以日传变。中之者，非正顺长养万物之风
，乃八方偏邪之风，肥伟人多得之。盖风性紧暴，善行数变，其中人也卒，其眩人也晕，激
人涎浮，昏人神乱，所以推为百病长。伤暑乃三伏时月，炎热大行，草萎河涸，血消气沮之
人，偶或伤之，病在顷刻，中之则名中 。轻则为伤，重则为中。伤湿乃坐卧卑湿，或为
露所袭，或汗出衣里，渐渍染之。其有中者，乃脾元久虚，或为泄疾，土不制水，因兹而得
。复有四气伏于人身，隐微而不知觉，作为百端之病，绵延岁月不已，必须深思，求其所以
为病之因。然人之平居，神静则宁，情动则乱，故喜则气缓，怒则气上，悲则气下，忧则气
沉，思则气结，恐则气怯，惊则气乱，故有所谓七情之病也。若真气既微，胃气不实，复啖
生冷冰雪之属，致肠胃虚寒，或大病未复，便合阴阳，或疲极筋力，饥饱失节，或刻意苦思
，尽神度量，叫呼走气，而虚损病所由生也。精血既衰，脏腑多燥，三焦烦壅，复饵丹石酒
醢炙爆，致肠胃蕴毒，而实热病所由生也。以诸病总而论之，中气有类中风，中风而以中气
治
痛念医之不明，所以惩其弊而见于着述也。若 疟之病，未有不由隔季所感风寒暑湿，及饮
食、劳役、瘅疠之气为之。赤白痢疾，古人所谓滞下者是也，究疾之原，无非外感五邪之气
，内伤生硬冷热之食，不能克化，致令积滞而成。亦有久虚传变而成，下之不禁，甚者手足
不仁，则五脏气将绝于内也。失血之病十种，走失莫重于此。皆因四气所伤，或调养失宜所
致。时疫流行，则当审其春合暖而寒，夏合热而冷，秋当凉而热，冬当寒而暖，是皆六气愆
和，而生斯疾。大则流毒天下，小则蔓延一乡一家，必辨其各季所因，不可以寻常微病目之
。故重则祸至灭门，轻则病至危笃。外此，观形候听声，而知病之可治不可治。经中所谓视
精明者，盖五脏精明聚于目，目精全则目明，神定则视审，审视不了，精明败矣。又云，目
赤色者病在心，白在肺，黑在肾，黄在脾，青在肝。黄色不可明，病在胸中。所谓五色者，
乃气之华也。赤欲如帛裹朱，不欲如赭。白欲如白璧之泽，不欲如垩。青欲如苍玉之泽，不
欲如蓝。黄欲如罗裹雄黄，不欲如黄土。黑欲如漆重泽，不欲如炭。五脏精败，寿不久矣！
五声者，脏之音，中之守也，中盛则气盛，中衰则气衰。声如从室中言者，气涩也。言微，
终日乃复言，是气之夺也。谵妄不避善恶，神明之乱也。郑声，言意不相续，阴阳失守也，
得守则生，失守者死。六腑强弱，以候形之盛衰。头者，精明之府，头倾视深，精神夺矣。
背
屈伸不能，筋将惫矣。骨者，髓之府，行则振掉，骨将惫矣。仓廪不藏者，肠胃不固也。水
泉不止者，膀胱不藏也。得强者生，失强者死，必兼而明之。又如五脏已夺，神明不守，声
嘶身冷，循衣谵语撮空；面赤如 血，白如枯骨，黑如烟煤，面青目白，面黑目白，面黄目
青，面赤目白；耳鼻有黑色起入口，耳目颧颊赤者；黑色出于额上发际，直鼻脊两颧上；黑
色出天中，下至鼻上颧上；面忽如马肝色，望之如青，近之如黑，目直视，恶风；面黑唇青，
面青唇黑；面黑，两胁下满，不能自反转；头目久痛，卒视无所见，阴结阳绝。目精光脱，
恍惚，阴阳竭绝。目眶陷，口如鱼口，不能复闭，气出不返，唇反，齿龈干枯，天柱骨倒，
指拳挛缩，汗出不流，舌卷黑，发直，发如干麻，善怒，发与眉冲起，爪甲青，大腑自遗不
觉，身热喘息，脐下硬如铁，唇裂鼻黑，舌根焦，四肢逆冷，汗出如油不流，尸臭不可近，
目睛直视不回，一日。病患健人，黑色或白色起入目及口鼻，二日。阴阳俱绝，失音不能言，
三日半。口张唇青，人中满，三日。目无精光，面一若土色，不饮食，四日。面赤目青，六
日。面黑目白，爪甲下黑，八日。齿忽变黑，十三日。肝病皮黑，庚辛日。心病目黑，壬癸
日。脾病唇青，甲乙日。肺病颊赤目肿，丙丁日。肾病面肿唇黄，戊己日。以上俱不可治也。
面目黄色起，其病方愈。面黄目青，面黄目赤，面黄目白，面黄目黑，面黑目青，面目俱
黄，面黑目白，均可治也。大抵言病，动以百计，虽积万言，莫能尽述，但当留心殷勤学之，
博通乃得，不可以粗解一二为是。果
《传》中说，名分不正，言语就不顺当。疾病的名称和表现，类别非常多，追溯其根源，似是而非的情况尤其多。如果能仔细体察，明确辨别其真正的病因，又何必担心疾病种类繁多呢。
伤寒病涉及六经病变：足太阳膀胱经受邪，表现为头项强痛、腰脊疼痛、无汗；足阳明胃经受邪，表现为身体发热、眼睛疼痛、鼻干；足少阳胆经受邪，表现为胸胁疼痛、耳聋；足太阴脾经受邪，表现为自发性腹泻且不口渴。病情或好转或死亡，好转者多在十日以外，死亡者则在六七天之间。若出现单纯的寒证或热证，也难以治疗，世人称之为大病。
阳毒病，是由于阳气独盛，阴气突然衰竭所致。阴毒病，本是因为肾气虚寒，或因食用生冷食物损伤脾胃，体内潜伏阴寒，外部又感受寒邪所致。
厥证初起时，阳厥患者身体发热、头痛，到了二三日或四五天才发生四肢逆冷，半天后又身体发热，这是因为热邪深重才能引发厥逆。阴厥患者在得病之初，就出现四肢厥冷，这是阴气胜过阳气的表现。“厥”是指阴阳之气不能顺利衔接。厥逆多于发热者，病情应当痊愈；发热多于厥逆者，病情正在进展。如果再加上气喘、脚部收缩，说明六腑之气先在体表断绝。至于下利清谷（排出未消化的食物），不可使用发汗解表法，否则出汗必然导致腹部胀满；若下利伴有轻微发热且口渴，则疾病将自愈。
中湿病，都是因为下部虚弱、正气不足，遭受霜露侵袭，以及在风雪冒雨中行走所致。伤风之病在体表，在经络中循经流注，按日传变。所谓“中”，并非顺应长养万物的正风，而是来自八方的偏邪之风，体型肥胖的人容易得此病。因为风性紧促暴烈，善于游走变化，人受中风很突然，使人眩晕，激起痰涎上浮，使神志昏乱，所以风被称为“百病之长”。
伤暑发生在三伏天，炎热盛行，草木枯萎、河流干涸，气血消耗、元气沮丧的人，偶尔被暑气所伤，发病很快，严重感染称为“中暑”，轻则为“伤暑”。
伤湿是因为坐卧在低洼潮湿处，或被露水侵袭，或出汗后衣服浸湿，逐渐沾染所致。其中属于“中湿”的，是因为脾元长期虚弱，或者患有泄泻疾病，土不制水，因此致病。
此外，有四种邪气潜伏在人体内，隐蔽细微而不知觉，引发各种各样的疾病，绵延岁月不停止，必须深思，探究其致病的原因。
然而人在平时，精神安静则安宁，情志激动则混乱，所以喜则气缓，怒则气上，悲则气下，忧则气沉，思则气结，恐则气怯，惊则气乱，这就有了所谓的七情致病。如果真气已经微弱，胃气不充实，又进食生冷冰雪之类，导致肠胃虚寒；或者大病未愈就进行房事；或者极度疲劳，饥饱失调；或者刻意苦思冥想，耗尽心神，呼喊奔走耗散元气，虚损病就这样产生了。
精血既已衰退，脏腑大多干燥，三焦烦闷壅滞，又服用丹石、饮酒、吃酒酿、烤肉油炸之物，导致肠胃蕴积毒素，实热病就这样产生了。
总括各类疾病来看，中气病类似中风，但中风却用治中气的方法治疗（此处原文可能有误或指误治，依文意翻译为对比或混淆）。想到医生不明理，所以在著作中惩戒这种弊端。
疟疾这种疾病，没有不是由隔季感受的风寒暑湿，以及饮食、劳役、瘴疠之气引起的。赤白痢疾，就是古人所说的“滞下”，究其病源，无非是外感五邪之气，内伤生硬冷热之食，不能消化，导致积滞而成。也有因久虚传变而成的，此时不可攻下，否则会禁受不住，严重者手足麻木不仁，说明五脏之气将在内部断绝。
失血类疾病有十种，走失精气没有比这更严重的了。都是因为四气所伤，或调养不当所致。时疫流行时，应当审察春季应暖而寒，夏季应热而冷，秋季应凉而热，冬季应寒而暖，这些都是六气失调而产生的疾病。严重的会流毒天下，轻微的蔓延一乡一家，必须辨明各季节的病因，不可以当作普通的微病看待。所以重的会导致灭门之祸，轻的也会导致病情危重。
除此之外，观察形体候脉听声音，就能知道疾病是否可治。医经中说“视精明”，大概是因为五脏的精明之气汇聚于目，眼球完整则视力明亮，神志安定则视物清晰，如果审视不清，说明精明败坏了。又说，眼目发红，病在心；白在肺；黑在肾；黄在脾；青在肝。黄色看不分明，病在胸中。所谓的五色，是气的荣华表现。红色应该像白绢裹着朱砂，不应该像赭石那样暗红。白色应该像白玉的光泽，不应该像白垩那样枯白。青色应该像苍玉的光泽，不应该像蓝草那样暗沉。黄色应该像罗纱包裹雄黄，不应该像黄土那样枯黄。黑色应该像漆一样润泽，不应该像炭灰那样枯黑。五脏精气败坏，寿命就不长了！
五声是脏器的声音，是中气的守持表现，中气盛则声音盛，中气衰则声音衰。声音像从室中发出的一样沉闷，是气机涩滞的表现。说话声音微小，整天才说一次，这是夺气（气大虚）的表现。胡言乱语不分善恶，是神明混乱的表现。郑声（语言重复，前后不连贯），是阴阳失守的表现，能守住则生，失守则死。
六腑的强弱，通过形体的盛衰来候察。头部是精明之府，头低垂、眼窝深陷，说明精神已夺。背部弯曲、屈伸困难，说明筋将要疲惫了。骨骼是髓之府，走路摇晃不稳，说明骨将要疲惫了。仓廪（脾胃）不能藏纳，说明肠胃不固。小便失禁（水泉不止），说明膀胱不藏。得到“强”象则生，失去“强”象则死，必须综合明白这些道理。
又如五脏精气已夺，神明不守，声音嘶哑身体冰冷，循衣摸空，谵语撮空；面色红如血，白如枯骨，黑如烟煤，面青目白，面黑目白，面黄目青，面赤目白；鼻孔耳朵有黑色进入口鼻，耳目颧颊发红；黑色出现在额头发际，直通鼻梁两颧上方；黑色出自天庭，下到鼻上和颧骨上方；面色忽然像马肝色，远看发青，近看发黑，眼睛直视，怕风；面黑唇青，面青唇黑；面黑，两胁下胀满，不能自行翻身；头目久痛，突然失明，阴结阳绝。眼球光泽脱失，恍惚不定，阴阳竭绝。眼眶凹陷，口张如鱼嘴，不能闭合，气出不回，嘴唇反卷，齿龈干枯，天柱骨（颈部脊柱）倒折，手指握拳挛缩，汗出不流，舌头卷曲发黑，头发直立，发如干麻，易怒，头发眉毛竖起，爪甲青紫，大小便失禁不觉，身体发热喘息，脐下坚硬如铁，嘴唇裂开鼻子发黑，舌根焦黑，四肢逆冷，汗出如油不流，散发尸臭不可靠近，眼睛直视不回，一天死。病患与健人相比，黑色或白色进入目及口鼻，两天死。阴阳俱绝，失音不能言，三天半死。口张唇青，人中饱满，三天死。目无精光，面色如土，不饮食，四天死。面赤目青，六天死。面黑目白，爪甲下黑，八天死。牙齿忽然变黑，十三天死。肝病皮黑，庚辛日死。心病目黑，壬癸日死。脾病唇青，甲乙日死。肺病颊赤目肿，丙丁日死。肾病面肿唇黄，戊己日死。以上都不可治。
面目黄色出现，疾病才会痊愈。面黄目青，面黄目赤，面黄目白，面黄目黑，面黑目青，面目俱黄，面黑目白，都可以治疗。
大体上说疾病，动辄以百计，即使积累万言，也不能尽述，只应当留心勤奋学习，博通才能掌握，不可以粗略理解一二就以为正确。果然……
The "Commentaries" state: "If names are not correct, language is not in accordance with the truth of things; if language is not in accordance with the truth of things, affairs cannot be carried on to success." The names and manifestations of diseases are numerous in category. Tracing their origins, there are especially many cases that appear similar but are fundamentally different. If one can carefully perceive and clearly distinguish the true causes, why worry about the multitude of diseases?
Shanghan (Cold Damage) involves pathologies of the Six Meridians:
- Foot-Taiyang Bladder Meridian: Stiffness and pain in the head and neck, pain in the lower back and spine, absence of sweating.
- Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian: Feverish body, eye pain, dry nose.
- Foot-Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian: Pain in the chest and hypochondrium, deafness.
- Foot-Taiyin Spleen Meridian: Spontaneous diarrhea without thirst.
The condition may either improve or result in death. Improvement usually occurs after ten days, while death typically happens within six or seven days. Conditions presenting as purely cold or purely heat are also difficult to treat and are commonly referred to by the world as "Major Diseases."
Yang Du (Yang Toxin) disease arises from excessive Yang Qi and sudden exhaustion of Yin Qi. Yin Du (Yin Toxin) disease originates from deficiency-cold of Kidney Qi, or damage to the Spleen and Stomach caused by consuming cold/raw foods, leading to latent internal Yin-Cold combined with external Cold invasion.
Jue (Reversal/Cold Extremities) syndrome:
- In Yang Jue, the patient initially has fever and headache. Reversal (cold extremities) occurs only on the second to fourth day, followed by a return of fever after half a day. This indicates that deep heat triggers reversal.
- In Yin Jue, cold extremities appear immediately upon onset, indicating Yin overacting on Yang. "Jue" refers to the failure of Yin and Yang Qi to connect smoothly.
- If Jue exceeds Heat, the disease should heal; if Heat exceeds Jue, the disease progresses.
- If accompanied by rising Qi (asthma/dyspnea) and curling of the legs, it indicates the exhaustion of the Qi of the Six Fu Organs at the exterior.
- Regarding diarrhea with undigested food (Xia Li Qing Gu), exterior-releasing methods (sweating) are contraindicated. Sweating will inevitably cause abdominal fullness. If diarrhea is accompanied by slight fever and thirst, the disease will heal spontaneously.
Zhong Shi (Strike by Dampness) results from underlying deficiency of the lower body and weak Qi, exposure to frost and dew, or walking in wind and snow.
Shang Feng (Injury by Wind) affects the exterior and meridians, transmitting daily along the channels. "Zhong" (Strike) refers not to the regular winds that nourish all things, but to the deviant winds from the eight directions. Robust individuals are prone to this. Wind is tight and violent, agile and changeable; its strike is sudden, causing dizziness, floating phlegm, and mental confusion. Thus, Wind is called the "Chief of a Hundred Diseases."
Shang Shu (Injury by Summerheat) occurs during the Sanfu days when heat prevails, grass withers, and rivers dry up. Individuals with depleted Blood and Qi may be injured by summerheat. Onset is rapid. Severe infection is called "Zhong Shu" (Stroke by Summerheat/Midsummer Strike); mild cases are "Shang Shu."
Shang Shi (Injury by Dampness) results from sitting or lying in damp places, exposure to dew, or wearing sweat-dampened clothes, leading to gradual infiltration. Cases classified as "Zhong Shi" (Strike by Dampness) occur due to long-term deficiency of Spleen Yuan, chronic diarrhea, or Spleen Earth failing to control Water.
Additionally, four types of pathogenic factors may lie latent within the body, subtle and imperceptible, causing various diseases that persist for years. One must deeply reflect to find the root cause.
However, in daily life, stillness of spirit brings peace, while agitation of emotions brings chaos. Therefore: Joy relaxes Qi; Anger causes Qi to rise; Grief causes Qi to sink; Worry causes Qi to knot; Fear makes Qi insecure; Shock causes Qi to become disordered. These constitute the diseases of the Seven Emotions.
If True Qi is weak and Stomach Qi is not solid, consuming raw/cold/ice substances leads to deficiency-cold in the intestines and stomach. Engaging in sexual intercourse before recovery from major illness, extreme physical fatigue, irregular eating habits, intense mental exertion, or shouting/walking excessively depleting Qi, all give rise to Deficiency-Damage diseases.
When Essence and Blood decline, Zang organs become dry, and the Triple Burner becomes vexed and obstructed. Consuming Dan-shi (mineral pills), alcohol, fermented foods, roasted, fried, or spicy foods causes toxin accumulation in the intestines and stomach, giving rise to Excess-Heat diseases.
Summarizing various diseases: Zhong Qi (Qi Strike) resembles Zhong Feng (Wind Stroke), but treating Wind Stroke as Qi Strike is an error. Recognizing physicians' lack of understanding, these errors are criticized in writings.
Nue (Malaria) disease is invariably caused by Wind, Cold, Summerheat, and Dampness contracted in alternating seasons, combined with dietary issues, labor fatigue, and miasma qi. Chi Bai Li Ji (Dysentery with red and white discharge), known in ancient times as "Zhi Xia" (Stagnant Downward Flow), originates externally from the Five Evils and internally from indigestion of hard, cold, or hot foods, leading to stagnation. It may also arise from transmission due to long-term deficiency. Purging is contraindicated in such cases; severe cases involve numbness of hands and feet, indicating impending exhaustion of Zang organ Qi internally.
There are ten types of Shi Xue (Loss of Blood) diseases, none more severe than loss of essence/blood. These are caused by injury from the Four Qi or improper nursing.
During epidemics, one must observe climatic anomalies: Spring should be warm but is cold; Summer should be hot but is cold; Autumn should be cool but is hot; Winter should be cold but is warm. These deviations of the Six Qi generate such diseases. Severe cases spread globally; mild cases spread locally. Causes must be identified by season and not dismissed as minor ailments. Severe cases bring disaster to families; mild cases lead to critical conditions.
Beyond this, observing form, pulse, and listening to voice reveals whether a disease is treatable. The Classics state "View Jing Ming (Spirit Brightness)," meaning the brightness of the five Zang organs gathers in the eyes. Complete eyeballs yield clear vision; settled spirit yields clear sight. If vision is unclear, Jing Ming is damaged.
- Red eyes indicate Heart disease.
- White sclera indicates Lung disease.
- Dark pupils indicate Kidney disease.
- Yellow complexion indicates Spleen disease.
- Greenish hue indicates Liver disease.
- Indistinct yellow indicates pathology in the Chest.
The Five Colors represent the brilliance of Qi.
- Red should resemble cinnabar wrapped in silk, not ochre.
- White should resemble the luster of white jade, not chalk.
- Green should resemble the luster of dark jade, not indigo.
- Yellow should resemble realgar wrapped in gauze, not loess.
- Black should resemble lacquer, not charcoal.
If Zang essence is exhausted, lifespan is short.
The Five Sounds are the voices of the Zang organs, reflecting the state of internal Qi. Abundant internal Qi yields loud sounds; deficient internal Qi yields weak sounds.
- Muffled voice suggests stagnant Qi.
- Whispering, speaking only once a day, indicates Qi depletion.
- Delirious speech ignoring social norms indicates disorder of Shen (Spirit).
- Zheng Sheng (fragmented/repetitive speech) indicates loss of Yin-Yang balance. Retention leads to survival; loss leads to death.
The strength of the Six Fu organs is reflected in the body's vigor.
- The Head is the residence of Jing Ming. Drooping head and sunken eyes indicate depleted Spirit.
- Curved back and inability to bend/extend indicate failing Tendons.
- The Bone is the residence of Marrow. Trembling while walking indicates failing Bones.
- Failure of the Granary (Spleen/Stomach) to store indicates unstable Intestines/Stomach.
- Uncontrollable urination indicates unstable Bladder.
Retaining "Strength" leads to life; losing it leads to death. These must be understood comprehensively.
If Zang essence is depleted and Shen does not reside, symptoms include hoarse voice, cold body, grasping at empty air, and delirium.
Prognostic facial colors (unfavorable):
- Face red like blood, white like dead bone, black like soot.
- Face green with white eyes, face black with white eyes, face yellow with green eyes, face red with white eyes.
- Black color entering mouth/nose from ears/nose.
- Redness in ears, eyes, cheekbones, and cheeks.
- Black color appearing above hairline, extending down nose bridge and cheekbones.
- Black color appearing at Tianzhong (center of forehead), extending to nose and cheekbones.
- Face suddenly liver-colored (dark green/black), staring eyes, aversion to wind.
- Face black with blue lips, face blue with black lips.
- Face black with distension under hypochondria, unable to turn over.
- Long-standing head/eye pain, sudden blindness, Yin knotting and Yang severing.
- Loss of eye luster, trance-like state, exhaustion of Yin and Yang.
- Sunken eye sockets, mouth open like a fish, unable to close, breath not returning, inverted lips, dry gums, collapse of Tianzhu Bone (neck/spine), clenched fists, non-flowing sweat, curled black tongue, straight/dry hair, irritability, raised hair/eyebrows, cyanotic nails, involuntary defecation, fever with panting, hardness below umbilicus like iron, cracked lips, black nose, scorched tongue root, cold limbs, oily non-flowing sweat, corpse odor, fixed staring gaze. Death occurs within one day.
- Black or white color entering eyes/mouth/nose: Death within two days.
- Yin and Yang both exhausted, aphasia: Death within three and a half days.
- Open mouth, blue lips, full Renzhong point: Death within three days.
- No eye luster, earthy face, no appetite: Death within four days.
- Red face, green eyes: Death within six days.
- Black face, white eyes, black under fingernails: Death within eight days.
- Sudden blackening of teeth: Death within thirteen days.
- Liver disease, black skin: Death on Geng/Xin days.
- Heart disease, black eyes: Death on Ren/Gui days.
- Spleen disease, blue lips: Death on Jia/Yi days.
- Lung disease, red cheeks, swollen eyes: Death on Bing/Ding days.
- Kidney disease, swollen face, yellow lips: Death on Wu/Ji days.
All above are untreatable.
If yellow color appears on face and eyes, the disease may heal.
Treatable prognostic signs:
- Face yellow with green/red/white/black eyes.
- Face black with green eyes.
- Face and eyes both yellow.
- Face black with white eyes.
Generally, diseases number in the hundreds. Even ten thousand words cannot describe them all. One must study diligently and broadly. Do not consider superficial understanding sufficient. Indeed...