仲景曰。发汗后。饮水多者。必喘。以水灌之。亦喘。常氏云。微
喘。宜麻黄杏子甘草石膏汤。雍曰。饮水多者。五苓散。
又曰。伤寒。大吐大下之。极虚。复极汗出者。其人外气怫郁。复
与之水。以发其汗。因得哕。所以然者。胃中寒冷故也。常氏曰。可小
温中汤、小半夏汤。雍曰。胃寒。理中汤。哕者。半夏汤、五苓散。
又曰。阳明病。潮热。大便微硬。可与承气汤。不坚。勿与之。若
不大便六七日。恐有燥屎。欲知之法。可与小承气汤。若腹中不转失
气者。此但初头硬。后必溏。不可攻之。攻之必胀满不能食。欲饮水
者。与水则哕。雍曰。可温中汤。哕者。小半夏汤。
又曰。下利。其脉浮大。此为虚。以强下之故也。设脉浮革。因尔
肠鸣。当温之。与水。哕。雍曰。宜温中汤。
又曰。病在阳。当以汗解。而反以冷水 之。若灌之。其热被却
不得去。弥更益烦。皮上粟起。意欲饮水。反不渴。宜文蛤散。若不
瘥。与五苓散。若寒实结胸。无热证者。与三物小陷胸汤。白散亦可
服。身热。皮粟不解。欲引衣自覆。若以水灌之洗之。益令热却不得
出。当汗而不汗。即烦。假令汗出已。腹中痛。与芍药三两。如上法。
又曰。寸口脉浮大。医反下之。此为大逆。浮则无血。大则为寒。
寒气相搏。则为肠鸣。医乃不知。而反饮冷水。令汗大出。水得寒气。
冷必相搏。其人则KT 。常氏云。宜草豆蔻散。
又曰。寸口脉濡而弱。濡则恶寒。弱则发热。濡弱相搏。脏气衰
微。胸中苦烦。此非结热。而反薄居水渍布。冷铫贴之。阳气遂微。诸
腑无所根据。阴脉凝聚。结在心下。而不肯移。胃中虚冷。水谷不化。小
便纵通。复不能多。微则可救。聚寒心下。当奈何也。
千金翼曰。太阳病。小便利者。为水多。心下悸。雍曰。宜小半夏
加茯苓汤。
仲景曰。凡得时气病。至五六日而渴欲饮水。饮不能多。不当与
也。何者。以腹中热尚少。不能消之。便更与人作病也。至七八日。大
渴欲饮水者。犹当根据证而与之。与之常令不足。勿极意也。言能饮一
斗。与五升。若饮而腹满。小便不利。若喘若哕。不可与之也。饮而忽
然大汗出。是为自愈也。
又曰。凡得病反能饮水者。此为欲愈之病。其不晓病者。但闻病
人饮水自愈。小渴者乃纵与之饮。因成其祸。不可复救也。庞氏曰。
凡病非大渴。不可与饮冷水。若小渴。口燥咽干。少少呷水滋润之。
若不与水。则干燥。无由作汗。烦喘而死者多巳。但勿令足意饮也。
若大汗将来。燥渴甚者。但足意饮之。勿疑。若小渴强饮者。致停饮。
心下满结。喘而死者多矣。其有热脉数。尚可作汗而解者。出于幸之
幸也。
张仲景说：发汗之后，如果饮水过多，必然会导致气喘。用冷水浇洗身体，也会导致气喘。常氏认为：轻微气喘的，适宜使用麻黄杏子甘草石膏汤。郭雍说：如果是因饮水过多导致的，应使用五苓散。
又说：患伤寒病，经过剧烈的呕吐和泻下后，正气极度虚弱，此时又出现极度出汗的情况，患者体表气机郁滞不畅（外气怫郁），如果再喂给他水来强行发汗，就会因此产生呃逆（哕）。之所以这样，是因为胃中寒冷所致。常氏说：可以使用小温中汤、小半夏汤。郭雍说：若是胃寒，应用理中汤。若是呃逆，可用半夏汤、五苓散。
又说：阳明病，出现潮热，大便略微干硬，可以给予承气汤；如果大便不硬，不要给予。如果六七天不大便，担心有燥屎内结，想要确认的方法，可以先给予小承气汤试探。如果服药后腹中没有转矢气（放屁），这说明只是开头大便硬，后面必定是稀溏的，不可攻下。攻下必然导致腹胀满、不能进食。想要喝水的，给水喝就会产生呃逆。郭雍说：可以用温中汤。若是呃逆，用小半夏汤。
又说：腹泻，脉象浮大，这是虚证，是因为强行攻下所致。假如脉象浮而革（如按鼓皮），因此出现肠鸣，应当温补。若给水喝，会产生呃逆。郭雍说：适宜用温中汤。
又说：病在阳分，应当通过发汗来解表，却反而用冷水喷洒或浇洗它。体表的邪热被冷水遏制而不能散去，更加烦闷不安，皮肤上起鸡皮疙瘩，心里想喝水，但实际上并不觉得渴，适宜用文蛤散。如果病不好，给予五苓散。如果是寒实结胸，没有热证的，给予三物小陷胸汤。白散也可以服用。如果身热、皮肤起鸡皮疙瘩不解，想要拉过衣服覆盖身体。如果用冷水浇洗，更使热气郁遏不得发散，本该出汗却出不来，就会心烦。假如已经出汗了，但腹部疼痛，给予芍药三两，按照上述方法处理。
又说：寸口脉浮大，医生反而使用攻下法，这是大逆之举。脉浮说明血虚，脉大说明有寒。寒气相互搏结，就会导致肠鸣。医生不知道这一点，反而让病人喝冷水，致使大汗出。水遇到寒气，冷与寒相互搏结，病人就会发出“KT”的声音（注：原文此处疑为字形缺损或拟声词，指呃逆或腹中雷鸣等症，结合上下文多指呃逆或剧烈不适）。常氏说：适宜用草豆蔻散。
又说：寸口脉濡弱，濡脉主恶寒，弱脉主发热。濡弱相搏，说明脏气衰微，心中苦于烦闷。这不是结热，却反而用浸过冷水布包裹，或用冷的铁器贴敷。阳气于是更加微弱，各腑失去依托，阴脉凝聚，结在心下，不肯移动。胃中虚冷，水谷不消化，小便虽然通畅但不能多。病情轻微还可以救治。寒气聚结在心下，该怎么办呢？
《千金翼方》说：太阳病，小便通利的，是水饮过多，心下悸动。郭雍说：适宜用小半夏加茯苓汤。
张仲景说：凡是得了时气病，到了第五六天口渴想喝水，但喝不多，不应当给太多水。为什么呢？因为腹中的热邪还少，不能消解这些水，再给水喝反而会给人带来病患。到了第七八天，极度口渴想喝水的，仍然应当根据证候给予饮水。给水时要常常让水量不足，不要让他喝得太饱。意思是如果能喝一斗，只给五升。如果喝了之后腹部胀满，小便不利，或者气喘或者呃逆，就不可以再给水喝。如果喝了水之后忽然大汗出，这就是自愈的表现。
又说：凡是生病后反而能喝水的，这是将要痊愈的病。那些不懂医术的人，只听听说病人喝水就能自愈，对于稍微有点口渴的病人就放纵地给他们喝水，因而造成祸患，就无法挽救了。庞氏说：凡是疾病，如果不是极度口渴，不可以给喝冷水。如果是轻微口渴，口燥咽干，少量啜饮以滋润咽喉。如果不给水，就会干燥，无法作汗，因烦喘而死的人很多。只要不让病人喝得过量即可。如果即将大汗出，燥渴严重的，尽管让病人喝足，不要犹豫。如果是轻微口渴却强行饮水，会导致停饮，心下胀满结聚，因气喘而死的人很多。那些脉数有热，还可以作汗而解的，属于万幸中之万幸。
Zhang Zhongjing said: After inducing sweating, if the patient drinks too much water, it will inevitably lead to panting (asthma). Washing the body with cold water will also cause panting. Chang Shi believed that for mild panting, Mahuang Xingzi Gancao Shigao Tang (Ephedra, Apricot Seed, Licorice, and Gypsum Decoction) is suitable. Guo Yong stated that if it is caused by excessive drinking of water, Wuling San (Five-Ingredient Powder with Poria) should be used.
He further said: In cases of Shanghan (Cold Damage), after severe vomiting and purging, when the body is extremely deficient, and profuse sweating occurs, the patient exhibits exterior qi stagnation (Fu Yu). If water is then given to induce sweating, hiccups (Yue) may result. The reason for this is cold in the stomach. Chang Shi suggested Xiaowenzhong Tang (Minor Stomach-Warming Decoction) or Xiaobanxia Tang (Minor Pinellia Decoction). Guo Yong stated that for stomach cold, Lizhong Tang (Regulate the Middle Decoction) should be used. For hiccups, Banxia Tang (Pinellia Decoction) or Wuling San can be used.
He also said: In Yangming disease, with tidal fever and slightly hard stool, Chengqi Tang (Gut-Purging Decoction) may be administered; if the stool is not hard, do not administer it. If there has been no bowel movement for six or seven days, suspecting dry feces, one may administer Xiao Chengqi Tang (Minor Gut-Purging Decoction) as a test. If there is no passing of gas in the abdomen, it indicates only the beginning of the stool is hard, while the rest will be loose; attacking methods should not be used. Attacking will inevitably lead to abdominal fullness and inability to eat. If the patient desires water, giving it will cause hiccups. Guo Yong stated that Wenzhong Tang (Stomach-Warming Decoction) can be used. For hiccups, Xiao Banxia Tang (Minor Pinellia Decoction) is appropriate.
He further said: In diarrhea, if the pulse is floating and large, this indicates deficiency, caused by forced purging. If the pulse is floating and wiry (Ge), accompanied by borborygmus (intestinal rumbling), warming treatment is indicated. Giving water may cause hiccups. Guo Yong stated that Wenzhong Tang is suitable.
He also said: When the disease is in the Yang level, it should be resolved through sweating. However, if cold water is sprayed or poured on the patient, the heat is suppressed and cannot escape, leading to increased irritability and gooseflesh on the skin. The patient may feel thirsty but actually feels no thirst. Wen Ge San (Clam Shell Powder) is suitable. If the condition does not improve, Wuling San may be given. In cases of Cold-Excess Jie Xiong (Chest Binding) without heat signs, Sanwu Xiaoxianxiong Tang (Three-Ingredient Minor Chest-Penetrating Decoction) is indicated. Baisan (White Powder) may also be taken. If body heat and gooseflesh persist, and the patient desires to cover themselves with clothes, pouring cold water will further trap the heat. If sweating should occur but does not, irritability arises. If sweating has occurred but abdominal pain persists, give 3 liang of Shaoyao (Paeoniae Radix Alba) according to the aforementioned method.
He further said: If the Cun Kou (inch position) pulse is floating and large, and the physician incorrectly uses purging, this is a major contraindication. Floating indicates blood deficiency, and large indicates cold. When cold qi interacts, borborygmus occurs. Unaware of this, the physician gives cold water to induce profuse sweating. Water encountering cold qi leads to clashing, causing the patient to make specific sounds (KT, likely referring to hiccups or abdominal noises). Chang Shi suggested Caodoukou San (Cardamom Powder).
He also said: If the Cun Kou pulse is soft (Ru) and weak (Ruo), Ru indicates aversion to cold, and Ruo indicates fever. The interaction of Ru and Ruo indicates declining Zang Qi, causing distress in the chest. This is not constrained heat. However, applying cold wet cloths or cold iron vessels to the body causes Yang Qi to further decline. The Fu organs lose their foundation, Yin pulses condense, and stagnation forms below the heart, refusing to move. Stomach cold leads to indigestion of food and water. Urination may be free but scant. Mild cases can be saved. What should be done when cold accumulates below the heart?
Qianjin Yi Fang states: In Taiyang disease, if urination is frequent, it indicates excess water, leading to palpitations below the heart. Guo Yong stated that Xiaobanxia Jia Fuling Tang (Minor Pinellia Decoction with Added Poria) is suitable.
Zhang Zhongjing said: In seasonal febrile diseases, by the fifth or sixth day, if the patient is thirsty and wants to drink but cannot drink much, do not provide excessive water. This is because the internal heat is insufficient to transform the fluid, and providing more water may create new pathology. By the seventh or eighth day, if the patient is extremely thirsty, water may be given according to the syndrome. However, the amount should be kept insufficient, not allowing the patient to drink to satiety. For example, if they can drink one dou, give only five sheng. If abdominal fullness, dysuria, panting, or hiccups occur after drinking, do not give more water. If sudden profuse sweating occurs after drinking, it indicates spontaneous recovery.
He further said: Patients who are able to drink water during illness often indicate impending recovery. Those unfamiliar with medicine, hearing that drinking water aids recovery, may allow patients with slight thirst to drink freely, causing harm that cannot be remedied. Pang Shi stated: For any illness, unless there is extreme thirst, cold water should not be given. For slight thirst with dry mouth and throat, sip small amounts to moisten. Without water, dryness prevents sweating, leading to death from irritability and panting. Avoid over-drinking. If profuse sweating is imminent and thirst is severe, allow adequate drinking without hesitation. Forcing water intake during slight thirst causes fluid retention, subcardiac fullness, and death from panting. Cases where heat and rapid pulse allow resolution through sweating are rare blessings.