伤寒喘急是其常。先论阳明及太阳。太阳无汗麻黄证。（仲景云。太阳病头痛发热。身疼。腰痛骨节疼痛。恶风。无
汗而喘者。麻黄汤主之。又一证。太阳病下之微喘者。表未解也。桂枝加浓朴杏子汤主之。又一证。下后不可便行桂枝
汤。若汗出而喘无大热者。可与麻黄杏子甘草石膏汤。）阳明潮热小承汤。（仲景云。潮热短气。腹满而有潮热者。小承
气汤主之。）水停心下喘而咳。加减青龙必可当。（仲景云。伤寒表不解。心下有水气。发热而咳。或渴或利。小腹满而
喘者。小青龙汤。）阴证喘时须喘急。反阴丹辈用为良。（阴证喘与阳证异。其喘必急。宜用反阴丹主之。）
脉浮而渴太阳病。有汗而渴阳明证。渴而自利属少阴。三者不同须审订。（仲景云发汗已。脉浮数烦渴者。五苓散主
之。又云阳明病。汗出多而渴者。不可与猪苓汤。以其汗多。胃中燥。猪苓复利其小便故也。又云。少阴病。其人欲吐。
复不得吐。而烦。但欲寐。五六日自利而渴者。属少阴。此三证。渴虽同其病则异也。）自非大渴莫与水。小渴唯宜滋润
尔。若令剧饮心下满。变成水结难调理。（仲景云。太阳病。胃中干。燥烦不得眠。其人欲饮水。当稍饮之。胃中和。则
愈。）渴太阳。无汗休供白虎汤。汗后脉洪方可与。此证思之要审量（太阳病，须汗后渴。方可行白虎。亦须白虎加人参
也。仲景云。伤寒脉浮发热无汗者。表未解。不可与白虎汤。渴者白虎加人参主之。）渴阳明。有汗且休供五苓。小便不
利汗仍少。脉浮而渴用为精。（仲景云。阳明病。汗出多而渴者。不可与猪苓汤。以汗多胃中燥。猪苓复利其小便故也。
又云。若脉浮发热。渴欲饮水。小便不利。猪苓汤主之。）阳毒躁盛黑奴用。中暑黄连丸酒蒸。（黑奴丸。千金方也。酒
蒸黄连丸。活人书方。二药虽非仲景之方。然治阳毒中暑。最为有效。）
伤寒病中出现气喘急促是常见症状。诊治时需先辨析属于阳明经还是太阳经的病证。
若为太阳病，表现为无汗且气喘，属麻黄汤证。（张仲景说：太阳病，头痛、发热、身体疼痛、腰痛、骨节疼痛，恶风，无汗而气喘的，用麻黄汤主治。另一种情况：太阳病误用下法后出现轻微气喘，说明表证未解，用桂枝加厚朴杏子汤主治。再一种情况：误下后不可立即使用桂枝汤，若见汗出而气喘、体内没有大热的，可用麻黄杏仁甘草石膏汤。）
若为阳明病，表现为潮热，用小承气汤主治。（张仲景说：出现潮热、短气，腹部胀满并有潮热症状的，用小承气汤主治。）
若水饮停滞在心下（胃脘部），导致气喘兼咳嗽，加减青龙汤（此处指小青龙汤类方）必然对症。（张仲景说：伤寒表证未解，心下有停饮，发热而咳嗽，或口渴或腹泻，小腹满闷而气喘的，用小青龙汤主治。）
若是阴证引起的气喘，通常气喘急促，使用反阴丹等药物疗效良好。（阴证的气喘与阳证不同，其气喘必定急促，适宜用反阴丹主治。）
脉象浮且口渴，属太阳病；有汗且口渴，属阳明病；口渴且伴有自发性腹泻，属少阴病。这三种情况不同，必须仔细审察辨别。（张仲景说：发汗后，脉象浮数、心烦口渴的，用五苓散主治。又说：阳明病，出汗多且口渴的，不可给予猪苓汤，因为汗多导致胃中干燥，猪苓汤会进一步利小便，从而加重津液亏损。又说：少阴病，病人想吐却吐不出来，心烦，只想睡觉，五六天后出现自发性腹泻且口渴的，属于少阴病。这三种证候，虽然都有口渴，但病因病机不同。）
除非是大渴难耐，否则不要随意给水喝；如果是小渴，只适宜用滋润之法。如果让患者大量饮水，会导致心下胀满，变成水饮结聚之证，难以调理。（张仲景说：太阳病，胃中干燥，烦躁不得安睡，病人想喝水，应当少量多次地喂水，待胃气调和，病就好了。）
口渴属太阳病，若无汗，切勿使用白虎汤。只有在发汗之后，脉象洪大时才可使用此证需深思熟虑审慎衡量。（太阳病引起的口渴，必须在发汗后才可使用白虎汤，且通常需用白虎加人参汤。张仲景说：伤寒脉浮、发热、无汗，说明表证未解，不可与白虎汤。若口渴，用白虎加人参汤主治。）
口渴属阳明病，若有汗，切勿使用五苓散。若小便不利、出汗仍少，脉象浮且口渴，使用猪苓汤最为精当。（张仲景说：阳明病，出汗多且口渴的，不可给予猪苓汤，因为汗多胃中干燥，猪苓汤会进一步利小便。又说：若脉浮、发热，想喝水，小便不利的，用猪苓汤主治。）
若是阳毒炽盛躁扰不安，可用黑奴丸；若是中暑，可用黄连丸（酒蒸）。黑奴丸出自《千金方》，酒蒸黄连丸出自《活人书》。这两味药虽非张仲景所创，但治疗阳毒和中暑最为有效。
Wheezing and urgency in breathing caused by Shanghan (Cold Damage) is a common manifestation. One must first differentiate between Yangming disease (Disease of the Yangming channel/organ) and Taiyang disease (Disease of the Taiyang channel/organ). In Taiyang disease, absence of sweating indicates the Mahuang Tang (Ephedra Decoction) syndrome. (Zhang Zhongjing stated: In Taiyang disease, if there is headache, fever, body pain, lower back pain, joint pain, aversion to wind, absence of sweating, and wheezing, Mahuang Tang should be administered. Another case: If mild wheezing occurs after purgation in Taiyang disease, the exterior pattern remains unresolved; Guizhi Jia Houpo Ziren Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction with Magnolia Bark and Apricot Seed) should be administered. Another case: After purgation, Guizhi Tang cannot be used immediately. If there is sweating, wheezing, and no significant heat, Mahuang Xingzi Gancao Shigao Tang (Ephedra, Apricot Seed, Licorice, and Gypsum Decoction) may be given.) In Yangming disease, tidal fever indicates the Xiaochengqi Tang (Minor Order the Qi Decoction) syndrome. (Zhang Zhongjing stated: With tidal fever, shortness of breath, abdominal fullness, and tidal fever, Xiaochengqi Tang should be administered.) When fluid retention in the heart region causes wheezing and coughing, Jiajian Qinglong Tang (Modified Green Dragon Decoction) is certainly appropriate. (Zhang Zhongjing stated: In Shanghan, if the exterior pattern is unresolved and there is fluid qi in the heart region, accompanied by fever and cough, or thirst, or diarrhea, fullness in the lower abdomen, and wheezing, Xiao Qinglong Tang (Minor Green Dragon Decoction) should be administered.) In Yin-pattern wheezing, the breathing is often urgent; Fan Yin Dan (Reverse Yin Pill) and similar formulas are effective. (Yin-pattern wheezing differs from Yang-pattern wheezing; the wheezing is necessarily urgent, and Fan Yin Dan is suitable for administration.)
A floating pulse with thirst belongs to Taiyang disease. Thirst accompanied by sweating belongs to Yangming syndrome. Thirst accompanied by spontaneous diarrhea belongs to Shaoyin disease. These three conditions differ and must be carefully examined and differentiated. (Zhang Zhongjing stated: After sweating therapy, if the pulse is floating and rapid with irritability and thirst, Wuling San (Five-Ingredient Powder with Poria) should be administered. He also stated: In Yangming disease, if there is profuse sweating and thirst, Zhu Ling Tang (Polyporus Decoction) must not be given, because profuse sweating dries the stomach interior, and Zhu Ling Tang would further promote urination, depleting fluids. He also stated: In Shaoyin disease, if the patient desires to vomit but cannot, feels irritable, only desires to sleep, and after five or six days develops spontaneous diarrhea with thirst, it belongs to Shaoyin. In these three syndromes, although thirst is present, the underlying pathology differs.) Unless there is extreme thirst, do not give water freely; for slight thirst, moistening and nourishing measures are appropriate. If one allows the patient to drink excessively, it will lead to fullness in the epigastrium, transforming into fluid accumulation that is difficult to regulate. (Zhang Zhongjing stated: In Taiyang disease, if the stomach interior is dry, causing irritability and insomnia, and the patient desires water, they should be given small amounts of water occasionally. Once the stomach qi harmonizes, the disease will resolve.) For thirst in Taiyang disease, if there is no sweating, Baihu Tang (White Tiger Decoction) must not be provided. It can only be used after sweating when the pulse is surging; this syndrome requires careful consideration. (In Taiyang disease, Baihu Tang can only be used if thirst appears after sweating, and typically Baihu Jia Renshen Tang (White Tiger Decoction with Ginseng) is required. Zhang Zhongjing stated: In Shanghan, if the pulse is floating, there is fever, and no sweating, the exterior pattern is unresolved, and Baihu Tang must not be given. If there is thirst, Baihu Jia Renshen Tang should be administered.) For thirst in Yangming disease, if there is sweating, Wu Ling San must not be provided. If urination is obstructed, sweating remains scanty, and the pulse is floating with thirst, Zhu Ling Tang is the most precise choice. (Zhang Zhongjing stated: In Yangming disease, if there is profuse sweating and thirst, Zhu Ling Tang must not be given, because profuse sweating dries the stomach interior, and Zhu Ling Tang would further promote urition. He also stated: If the pulse is floating, there is fever, thirst with desire to drink water, and obstructed urination, Zhu Ling Tang should be administered.) For excessive agitation due to Yang Toxin, Hei Nu Wan (Black Slave Pill) should be used; for heatstroke, Huanglian Wan (Coptis Pill) steamed with wine is indicated. (Hei Nu Wan is from Qianjin Fang. Huanglian Wan steamed with wine is from Huoren Shu. Although these two formulas are not from Zhang Zhongjing, they are highly effective for treating Yang Toxin and heatstroke.)