半夏（洗破如枣核大十四枚） 鸡子（一枚去黄内。上苦酒着鸡子壳中）
上二味。内半夏着苦酒中。以鸡子壳置刀环中。安火上。令三沸。去滓。少少含咽之。不瘥更作三剂（考内台方第
一味用苦酒。上共三味。今此方第一味半夏。第二味鸡子。则是内上苦酒上字。无着落矣。宜校正之。）
成注云。辛以散之。半夏之辛以发音声。甘以缓之。鸡子之甘。以缓咽痛。酸。以收之。苦酒之酸。以敛咽疮。
或问成注云热伤于络。则经络干燥。使咽中伤。生疮。既燥热矣。何以方中犹有半夏。余答云。咽中生疮。乃湿
热也。此证之始。由三阳经有寒邪。传入少阴。郁而变热。又寒之中湿气居多。郁热之内。岂无留湿。湿热相搏。咽中
生疮。语声不出。成注云燥热者。误也。故上方用半夏以去湿散邪。鸡子白以清热降火。苦酒之用。一以敛半夏之太辛。
一以消疮肿而疗咽伤也。此方乃清燥兼施之剂。
少阴病咽中痛。半夏散及汤主之。（此条少阴病。乃自太阳经传来者。风寒入于少阴之经。郁热未甚。亦作咽痛。用
半夏散者。取辛甘发散之义也。）
半夏（洗） 桂枝（去皮） 甘草（炙以上各等分）
以上三味。各别捣筛已。合治之。白饮和服方寸匕日三服。若不能散服者以水一升。煎七沸内散两方寸匕。更煎三
沸下火。令小冷。少少咽之。（成注引内经曰寒淫所胜。平以辛热。佐以甘苦。半夏桂枝之辛以散经寒。甘草之甘。以缓
正气。琥按上汤中用甘草。当是助正气发风邪。缓咽痛成注但云缓正气。恐有遗义。）
或问仲景半夏散。云治客寒咽痛。条辩独云。风热。何也。余答云。半夏散中有桂枝。本治太阳中风药。仲景止云
寒者。风亦自寒中来也。风寒伤太阳之表。传入少阴之里。未有不郁而成热者。但有热甚不甚之分耳。半夏散虽非治热
之药。然以辛甘发散其风寒之邪。而热自解。成注但云。客寒。亦未尽其义。
少阴病下利。白通汤主之。白通汤方。
少阴病。下利脉微者与白通汤利不止。厥逆无脉。干呕烦者。白通加猪胆汁汤主之。服汤脉暴出者死。微续者生。
白通加猪胆汁汤方。
少阴病二三日不已。至四五日。腹痛（云云至）或下利或呕者。真武汤主之。
真武汤方加减法
少阴病。下利清谷里寒外热。（云云至）脉不出者。通脉四逆汤主之。
通脉四逆汤方 加减法
以上四条证并四汤方（俱见中寒论中）
少阴病四逆。其人或咳。或悸。或小便不利。或腹中痛。或泄利下重者。四逆散主之。（此条少阴病。乃伤寒邪在少
阳。传入少阴之证。四逆者。四肢不和顺也。成注云。伤寒传至少阴。则邪热渐深。故四肢逆而不温。此非寒厥之宜温
补。亦非热厥之宜寒泻矣。止宜用四逆散。以解其热。而散其邪也。其或咳。或悸等证。此里热之候。尤当析辩。加药
法。不可误也。）
【半夏苦酒汤方】
半夏（洗净，破开如枣核大小，十四枚） 鸡蛋（一枚，去掉蛋黄。将上药放入苦酒中于蛋壳内）
以上两味药。将半夏放入苦酒中。用鸡蛋壳放在刀环中。置于火上。煮至沸腾三次。滤去药渣。少量含咽。若病未愈，再制作三剂。（考证《内台方》第一味药为苦酒，上方共三味药。现在此方第一味是半夏，第二味是鸡蛋，那么“内上苦酒”中的“上”字就没有着落了，应当校正。）
成无己注解说：辛味能发散，半夏的辛味能发声；甘味能缓急，鸡蛋的甘味，能缓解咽痛；酸味能收敛，苦酒的酸味，能收敛咽部疮疡。
有人问成注说：热邪损伤络脉，导致经络干燥，致使咽喉受伤，生疮。既然已经燥热，为什么方中还有半夏？我回答说：咽喉生疮，乃是湿热所致。此证初起，由三阳经寒邪传入少阴，郁结而化热。又因寒邪之中湿气居多，在郁热之内，难道没有留湿吗？湿热相搏结，导致咽喉生疮，声音不出。成注说是燥热，是错误的。所以上方用半夏以祛湿散邪，鸡子白以清热降火，苦酒的作用，一是收敛半夏过于辛散之性，二是消除疮肿并治疗咽伤。此方是清燥兼施的药剂。
【半夏桂枝甘草汤方】
少阴病，咽喉疼痛，用半夏散及汤主治。（此条少阴病，是从太阳经传来的。风寒侵入少阴经脉，郁热不严重，也出现咽痛。使用半夏散，是取辛甘发散的意义。）
半夏（洗净） 桂枝（去皮） 甘草（炙，以上各等分）
以上三味药，分别捣碎过筛后，混合在一起。用白饮（米汤）调和，服用一方寸匕，每日三次。如果不能散服，用水一升，煎煮七沸，加入散剂两方寸匕，再煎煮三沸，离火，待稍凉。少量咽下。（成注引用《内经》说：寒邪胜则用辛热平之，佐以甘苦。半夏、桂枝的辛味以散发经中之寒，甘草的甘味，以缓和正气。琥按：上述汤剂中使用甘草，应当是辅助正气以发散风邪，缓解咽痛。成注只说缓和正气，恐怕遗漏了含义。）
有人问张仲景半夏散，说治疗客寒咽痛，《伤寒论条辩》唯独说是风热，为什么呢？我回答说：半夏散中有桂枝，本是治疗太阳中风病的药物。仲景只说寒者，是因为风也多从寒中来。风寒损伤太阳之表，传入少阴之里，没有不郁结而成热的。只是有热重与热轻的区别罢了。半夏散虽然并非治疗热证的药物，然而通过辛甘发散其风寒之邪，热自然解除。成注只说客寒，也没有完全阐明其义。
少阴病，下利，用白通汤主治。白通汤方。
少阴病，下利，脉微细的，给予白通汤。如果下利不止，四肢厥冷，无脉，干呕，心烦的，用白通加猪胆汁汤主治。服药后脉搏突然出现的死，脉搏微微续接的活。
白通加猪胆汁汤方。
少阴病，二三日不好转，到了四五日，腹痛（中间省略内容）或者下利或者呕吐的，用真武汤主治。
真武汤方加减法
少阴病，下利完谷不化，里有寒外有热。（中间省略内容）脉不出来的，用通脉四逆汤主治。
通脉四逆汤方 加减法
以上四条证候并四个汤方（均见于《中寒论》中）
少阴病，四肢厥逆。其人或者咳嗽，或者心悸，或者小便不利，或者腹中痛，或者泄泻伴有肛门坠胀感的，用四逆散主治。（此条少阴病，是伤寒邪气在少阳，传入少阴的证候。四逆，是指四肢不和顺。成注说：伤寒传至少阴，则邪热逐渐加深，所以四肢逆冷而不温。这既不是寒厥适宜温补，也不是热厥适宜寒泻。只宜用四逆散，来解除其热，并疏散其邪。那些咳嗽、心悸等证候，这是里热的征象，尤其应当辨析清楚。加减用药方法，不可误用。）
[Banxia Kujiu Tang Formula]
Banxia (Pinelliae Rhizoma, washed and broken into pieces the size of a jujube pit, 14 pieces) Ji Zi (one egg white, remove yolk. Place the above ingredients with Kujiu into the eggshell)
The above two ingredients. Place Banxia into Kujiu. Place the eggshell in a knife ring. Set over fire. Boil three times. Strain the dregs. Hold in mouth and swallow slowly. If not cured, prepare three more doses. (Note: According to "Neitai Fang", the first ingredient is Kujiu, and there are three ingredients in total. In this formula, the first is Banxia, the second is Ji Zi, so the character "Shang" in "Nei Shang Kujiu" has no reference point; it should be corrected.)
Cheng Wuji's commentary states: Pungent flavor disperses; the pungency of Banxia helps restore voice; sweet flavor moderates; the sweetness of Ji Zi moderates sore throat; sour flavor astringes; the sourness of Kujiu astringes throat ulcers.
A question arises regarding Cheng's commentary: Heat damages the collaterals, causing dryness in the meridians, leading to throat injury and ulceration. Since it is already dry-heat, why is Banxia still used in the formula? I answer: Throat ulceration is caused by damp-heat. This condition begins with cold pathogens from the Three Yang meridians transmitting to Shaoyin, stagnating and transforming into heat. Furthermore, among cold pathogens, dampness is common. Within the stagnant heat, can there be no residual dampness? Dampness and heat contend, causing throat ulceration and loss of voice. Cheng's assertion of dry-heat is incorrect. Therefore, the aforementioned formula uses Banxia to eliminate dampness and disperse pathogens, Ji Zi Bai (egg white) to clear heat and descend fire, and the use of Kujiu serves two purposes: one to moderate the excessive pungency of Banxia, and the other to reduce swelling and heal throat injuries. This formula is an agent that combines clearing dryness and moistening.
[Banxia Guizhi Gancao Tang Formula]
Shaoyin disease manifesting as sore throat is primarily treated with Banxia San & Tang. (This instance of Shaoyin disease is transmitted from the Taiyang meridian. Wind-cold enters the Shaoyin meridian, with mild stagnated heat, also presenting as sore throat. The use of Banxia San takes the meaning of pungent and sweet dispersion.)
Banxia (Pinelliae Rhizoma, washed) Guizhi (Cinnamomi Ramulus, bark removed) Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, honey-fried, equal parts of each)
The above three ingredients are separately pounded and sifted, then mixed together. Mix with Baiyin (rice water) and take one Fangcunbi daily, three times. If powder form cannot be taken, boil water (one sheng), add two Fangcunbi of the powder after seven boils, boil for three more boils, remove from fire, let cool slightly. Swallow slowly in small amounts. (Cheng's commentary cites the *Neijing*: "When cold prevails, level it with pungent-hot flavors, assist with sweet-bitter." The pungency of Banxia and Guizhi disperses cold in the meridians; the sweetness of Gancao moderates healthy qi. Hu notes: In the aforementioned decoction, Gancao is used to assist healthy qi in dispersing wind pathogens and moderating sore throat. Cheng's comment only mentions moderating healthy qi, which may omit further meanings.)
A question asks: Zhang Zhongjing's Banxia San treats external cold sore throat, but *Shanghan Lun Tiaobian* exclusively claims it treats wind-heat. Why? I answer: Banxia San contains Guizhi, originally a medicine for Taiyang wind-stroke. Zhongjing only says "cold" because wind often originates from cold. Wind-cold damages the exterior of Taiyang and transmits to the interior of Shaoyin; without exception, it stagnates and transforms into heat. There is merely a difference between severe and mild heat. Although Banxia San is not a medicine for treating heat directly, by using pungent and sweet flavors to disperse wind-cold pathogens, the heat resolves naturally. Cheng's comment mentioning only "external cold" does not fully elucidate the meaning.
Shaoyin disease with diarrhea is primarily treated with Baitong Tang. Baitong Tang Formula.
Shaoyin disease with diarrhea and faint pulse is given Baitong Tang. If diarrhea persists, limbs are cold and pulseless, with dry retching and irritability, Baitong Jia Zhu Danjiang Tang is primarily used. If the pulse suddenly emerges after taking the medicine, death ensues; if the pulse gradually returns, life is preserved.
Baitong Jia Zhu Danjiang Tang Formula.
Shaoyin disease lasting two to three days without improvement, progressing to four or five days, with abdominal pain (omitted text) or diarrhea or vomiting, is primarily treated with Zhenwu Tang.
Zhenwu Tang Formula Modification Methods
Shaoyin disease with diarrhea of undigested food, internal cold with external heat (omitted text) and absent pulse is primarily treated with Tongmai Sini Tang.
Tongmai Sini Tang Formula Modification Methods
The above four syndromes and four formulas (all found in *Zhonghan Lun*)
Shaoyin disease with cold extremities. If the patient also has cough, palpitations, difficult urination, abdominal pain, or diarrhea with a sensation of heaviness in the rectum, Sini San is primarily used. (This instance of Shaoyin disease is a syndrome where pathogenic factors were in Shaoyang and transmitted to Shaoyin. "Sini" refers to limbs that are not smooth or warm. Cheng's commentary states: When cold damage transmits to Shaoyin, pathogenic heat deepens, hence limbs become cold and unwarmed. This is neither cold-jue suitable for warming tonification nor heat-jue suitable for cold purgation. One should only use Sini San to resolve the heat and disperse the pathogen. For accompanying symptoms like cough or palpitations, these are signs of interior heat, requiring careful differentiation. Modification methods must not be mistaken.)