疹与斑实无大别，惟斑隐隐于皮肤之间，视之则得，疹则累累于肌肉之上，手摹
亦知。斑则六淫相感而发，疹则毒瓦斯久蓄而成。斑以清凉化毒为主，疹以透肌托里为
先。然疹属阳，头面宜先发至为止，且疹属心火，斑属三焦无根之火，其上侵于肺则一
也。虽皆蕴热日久，阳乘于阴，而致斑点外作，大抵斑有虚阳，疹多实热，故内伤发
斑，虚火游行于外者，宜补中益气汤，加葛根、芍药，或调中汤补而降之。疹则始宜透
托，次宜清解而已。然疹之虚者，可以治斑之法治疹，斑之实者，可以治疹之法治斑，
故不必以斑疹分，但当以虚实判可也。
狂者，阳毒也。是因伤寒失下，阳毒热壅于上，以致狂走妄言，面赤咽痛，潮热独
语，如见鬼，惟噎气躁逆，五心烦热，唇肿口哕，或遍体发黄，其脉则实，此阳症之顺
者也，只须下之乃安。如发狂难制，以酷炭气入鼻即定，方可察其阴阳也。至若小便自
遗，瞳人不转，直视妄言者，此是肾绝，盖肾藏精志，因下利过多，致亡津液精夺志
失，变为如狂，乃坏症也。又若四五日间，表邪尽入于里，少腹硬满，皮见青紫筋，大
便黑，小便利而狂者，是下焦有蓄血不行也，治须为之下血，其大便黑者血瘀也。小
便利者，血病而气不病也。盖此因太阳热入膀胱，与血相搏，则蓄结于少腹而狂。《经》
曰∶热结膀胱，其人如狂。又曰∶血并于下，乱而喜忘。如血不胜热，被热迫下行，
则热亦随血散而愈矣。然狂为阳实，躁为阴虚，候虽相近，而虚实迥有不同，治者不可不辨。
疹与斑实际上没有太大区别，只是斑隐现于皮肤之间，肉眼可见；疹则颗粒状隆起于肌肉之上，用手抚摸也能感知。斑是由六淫邪气相互感应而引发，疹则是由于毒气长期蓄积而成。治疗斑以清凉化解毒邪为主，治疗疹则以透发肌表、托毒外出为先。然而，疹属于阳证，头面部应当先出疹直至全身发出，且疹归属于心火，斑归属于三焦无根之火，但它们上侵于肺的情况是一致的。虽然两者都是蕴热日久，阳气乘袭阴分，导致斑点外发，但大致来说，斑多伴有虚阳，疹多为实热。因此，因内伤导致的发斑，若是虚火游行于体表者，宜用补中益气汤，加入葛根、芍药，或者使用调中汤进行补益兼降火处理。对于疹，起初宜用透托法，随后宜用清解法即可。然而，属于虚证的疹，可以用治疗斑的方法来治疗；属于实证的斑，可以用治疗疹的方法来治疗，所以不必拘泥于区分斑和疹，只应当根据虚实来判断即可。
所谓狂，属于阳毒。这是由于伤寒失于攻下，阳毒热邪壅滞于上部，以致出现狂奔乱走、胡言乱语、面色红赤、咽喉疼痛、潮热、独自说话、如见鬼魅等症状。如果伴有噎气躁逆、五心烦热、嘴唇肿胀、口角抽动（哕），或者全身发黄，脉象实大，这是阳证的顺症，只需使用攻下法即可安宁。如果发狂难以控制，可用烧焦的炭产生的气味吸入鼻腔使其安定，然后才能辨别其阴阳属性。至于小便失禁、瞳孔不转动、直视胡言的，这是肾气绝灭的表现，因为肾藏精志，因腹泻过多，导致津液亡失、精气夺舍、神志丧失，变为类似发狂的症状，这属于坏病。另外，如果在发病四五天后，表邪完全入里，少腹部硬满，皮肤出现青紫色筋络，大便黑色，小便通畅而发狂的，这是下焦有瘀血停滞不行所致，治疗必须采用下瘀血的方法，大便黑说明是血瘀。小便通利，说明是血分有病而气分无病。这是因为太阳经的热邪陷入膀胱，与血液相搏结，从而蓄积在少腹部而导致发狂。《内经》说：“热结膀胱，其人如狂。”又说：“血并于下，乱而喜忘。”如果血不胜热，被热邪逼迫下行，那么热邪也会随着血液的排出而消散痊愈。然而，狂属于阳实证，躁属于阴虚证，症状虽然相近，但虚实截然不同，医者不可不加以辨别。
Rash (Zhen, 疹) and macula (Ban, 斑) are essentially similar, but maculae appear faintly within the skin and are visible to the eye, whereas rashes appear as clustered elevations on the muscles and can be felt by touch. Maculae arise from the interaction of the Six Excesses (Liu Yin, 六淫), while rashes result from the long-term accumulation of toxic heat (Du Wa, 毒瓦斯). The treatment for maculae focuses on cooling and resolving toxicity, whereas the priority in treating rashes is to vent them through the skin and support the interior. However, rashes belong to Yang syndromes; they should initially appear on the head and face until fully erupted. Rashes are associated with Heart Fire (Xin Huo, 心火), while maculae are associated with rootless fire of the San Jiao (Triple Burner, 三焦), though both may invade the Lung (Fei, 肺). Although both conditions involve long-standing internal heat where Yang invades Yin, causing eruptions, generally, maculae often involve deficient Yang, while rashes mostly involve excess heat. Therefore, for maculae caused by internal injury where deficient fire wanders externally, Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang (Tonify the Middle and Augment the Qi Decoction) with Ge Gen (Puerariae Radix) and Shao Yao (Paeoniae Radix), or Tiao Zhong Tang (Regulate the Middle Decoction) for tonification and descending fire, is appropriate. For rashes, initial treatment should focus on venting and supporting, followed by clearing and resolving. However, deficient rashes can be treated using methods for maculae, and excess maculae can be treated using methods for rashes; thus, there is no need to rigidly distinguish between maculae and rashes, but rather to judge based on deficiency and excess.
Mania (Kuang, 狂) is a type of Yang toxin. It arises when Taiyang disease (Taiyang Bing, 太阳病) fails to undergo purgation, leading to Yang toxin and heat stagnating in the upper body, resulting in manic running, delirious speech, red face, sore throat, tidal fever, muttering alone, hallucinations (seeing ghosts), dyspnea with irritability, five-palm heat (Wu Xin Fan Re, 五心烦热), swollen lips, hiccups (Yue, 哕), or generalized jaundice. If the pulse is excess (Shi Mai, 实脉), this is a favorable Yang syndrome, requiring only purgation to bring peace. If mania is uncontrollable, inhaling the smoke of burnt charcoal can calm the patient, allowing for subsequent differentiation of Yin and Yang. However, if there is urinary incontinence, fixed gaze with non-reactive pupils, staring, and delirious speech, this indicates Kidney exhaustion. Since the Kidney stores essence and will, excessive diarrhea leads to loss of fluids, depletion of essence, and loss of spirit, transforming into a state resembling mania; this is a critical condition (Huai Zheng, 坏症). Furthermore, if after four or five days, exterior pathogens have fully entered the interior, presenting with hardness and fullness in the lower abdomen, cyanotic veins on the skin, black stools, patent urination, and mania, this indicates blood stasis (Xu Xue, 蓄血) in the Lower Jiao (Xia Jiao, 下焦). Treatment requires promoting blood discharge; black stools indicate blood stasis. Patent urination indicates pathology in the Blood level without Qi involvement. This occurs because heat from the Taiyang channel enters the Bladder (Pang Guang, 膀胱) and clashes with blood, accumulating in the lower abdomen and causing mania. The Classic states: "Heat binding in the Bladder, the person resembles mania." It also states: "Blood pooling below causes confusion and forgetfulness." If blood cannot overcome heat and is forced downward, the heat dissipates with the blood and the condition resolves. Mania belongs to Yang excess, while restlessness (Zao, 躁) belongs to Yin deficiency. Although symptoms are similar, their deficiency and excess nature differs significantly; practitioners must distinguish them carefully.