《纲目》曰∶颠痫即头眩。痰在膈间，则眩微不仆。痰盈膈上，则眩甚仆倒于地，
而不知人，名之曰癫痫。大人曰癫，小儿曰痫，其实一疾也。然与中风、中寒、中暑、
尸厥等，仆倒不同。凡癫痫仆时，口中作声，将醒时吐涎沫，醒后又复发，时作时
止，而不休息。中风、中寒、中暑、尸厥之类，则仆时无声，醒时无涎沫，后不复发，
间有发者，亦非如癫痫常发状也。
痫与 ，略相类而实不同，其病发则身软时醒者谓之痫，身强直反张如弓，不时
醒者谓之 。痫病随其痰之潮作，故有时而醒； 病比痫为更甚，而有挟虚者，故
因其昏冒而遂致丧亡者多矣。故丹溪曰∶乃气虚而兼有火有痰，宜用人参竹沥之类，切
不可作风治，而用风药。
夫痫，痰火所致，前人有称为风痫者，刘河间谓由热甚而风燥，为其兼化，涎溢胸
膈而螈 昏冒僵仆也。然病痫者，涎沫出于口，冷汗出于身，清涕出于鼻，皆阳跷、阴
跷、督、冲四脉之邪上行，盖肾不任煎熬，沸腾上行为之也。昼发属阳跷，夜发属阴
跷，此奇邪为病，不系五行阴阳十二经所拘，当从督冲二跷四穴奇邪之法治之。
按∶痫病，古方或云风，或云惊痫，或云癫痫，由此疾与中风、颠狂、急慢惊相
类，故命名不同也。原其所由，或在母腹中受惊；或因闻大惊而得。盖小儿神气尚弱，
惊则神不守舍，舍空则痰涎归之；或饮食失节，脾胃有伤，积为痰饮，以致痰迷心窍而
作者，治法必当寻火寻痰而论，前人多用镇坠清心之药，固可以治热，可以清痰。若有
顽痰胶固者，此药未易驱逐。在上者必先用吐，吐后方用平肝之剂，如青黛柴胡龙会丸
之类。更有痰实在里者，亦须下之。故丹溪
曰∶痫属惊与痰，不必分五等。大率行痰为主，黄芩、黄连、栝蒌、半夏、南星，随痰
火多少治之。
按∶痫症病本痰热，宜用辛寒之剂，然有用附子何也？盖痫乃痰瘀结于心胸之间，
每遇火动则发，非附子热性走而不守，则焉能流通结滞，开散顽痰乎！此从治之法，乃
劫剂也，不得已而用之。亦犹中风之症，本风火阳邪，而用乌、附也。故辛热之药，只
宜施之于肥白多痰之人，用诸药而不效者。若夫黑瘦多火之人，不宜用也。
颤振者，非寒禁鼓栗，乃木火上盛，肾阴不充，下虚上实，实为痰火，虚为肾亏，
法则清上补下。
螈，缩也。 ，伸也。伸缩不止，手如拽锯，搐之类也。筋急而缩为螈，筋弛而缓
而为 ，伸缩不已为螈 ，俗谓之搐是也。汗多不止为虚，无汗能食为实。
谓热瞀螈，皆属于火，热胜风搏，并于经络，风主动而不宁。风火相乘，是以瞀螈
生焉。治以祛风涤热之剂，清其火热，瞀螈立愈。若妄加灼，或饮以发表之剂，则死不旋踵矣。
《本草纲目》说：癫和痫就是头眩。痰停留在膈间，则眩晕轻微不会仆倒；痰充满膈上，则眩晕严重仆倒在地，并且不知人事，称为癫痫。成人叫癫，小儿叫痫，其实是一种疾病。然而它与中风、中寒、中暑、尸厥等引起的仆倒不同。凡是癫痫发作仆倒时，口中发出声音，将要醒来时吐出涎沫，醒来后又会复发，时发时止，没有休止。中风、中寒、中暑、尸厥这类病，仆倒时没有声音，醒来时没有涎沫，之后不再复发，偶尔有复发的，也不是像癫痫那样经常发作的样子。
痫病与痉病（此处原文缺字，根据上下文及中医常识补全为“痉”），大致相似但实际不同。发病时身体柔软时而清醒的叫做痫，身体强直反张像弓一样，不时清醒的叫做痉。痫病随着痰邪的潮作而发作，所以有时能清醒；痉病比痫病更严重，且有挟带虚证的，所以因为昏冒而导致死亡的很多。所以朱丹溪说：这是气虚兼有火和痰，适宜用人参、竹沥之类的药物，切不可当作风证治疗，而使用祛风药。
夫痫病，是由痰火引起的，前人有的称为风痫，刘河间认为由热盛导致风燥，是其兼化之象，涎液溢出胸膈而出现抽搐、昏冒、僵仆。然而患痫病的人，涎沫从口出，冷汗从身出，清涕从鼻出，这都是阳跷脉、阴跷脉、督脉、冲脉这四条经脉的邪气上行，大概是因为肾不能承受煎熬，沸腾上行所致。白天发作属于阳跷脉，夜间发作属于阴跷脉，这是奇经邪气致病，不局限于五行阴阳十二经的束缚，应当从督脉、冲脉、二跷脉这四条奇经的穴位，用治疗奇经邪气的方法来治。
按语：痫病，古方有的说风，有的说惊痫，有的说癫痫，因为这个病与中风、颠狂、急慢惊风相类似，所以命名不同。推究其起因，有的在母腹中受惊；或因听到巨大惊吓而得病。大概小儿神气尚且虚弱，受惊则神不守舍，神舍空虚则痰涎归聚于此；或饮食失节，脾胃受伤，积滞成为痰饮，以致痰迷心窍而发作，治疗方法必须寻找火和痰来论述，前人多用镇坠清心的药物，固然可以治热，可以清痰。如果有顽固胶固的痰，这些药物不容易驱逐。痰在上部的必须先催吐，吐完后再用平肝的方剂，如青黛柴胡龙会丸之类。更有痰实在里的，也必须攻下。所以朱丹溪说：痫病属于惊和痰，不必分为五等。大体以行痰为主，黄芩、黄连、栝蒌、半夏、南星，根据痰火的多少来治疗。
按语：痫症病本在于痰热，适宜用辛寒的药剂，然而为什么有用附子的呢？大概痫是痰瘀结在心胸之间，每当火动就发作，如果不是附子热性走而不守，怎么能流通结滞，开散顽痰呢！这是从治的方法，属于劫剂，不得已才使用。也就像中风这个病，本是风火阳邪，却使用乌头、附子。所以辛热的药物，只适宜施用于肥白多痰之人，在用其他药物无效的情况下。如果是黑瘦多火之人，就不宜使用了。
颤振，不是寒战鼓栗，而是木火上盛，肾阴不充，下虚上实，实的是痰火，虚的是肾亏，法则是清上补下。
螈，是收缩。 ，是伸展。伸缩不止，手像拉锯一样，是搐搦之类。筋急而缩为螈，筋弛缓而为 ，伸缩不已为螈 ，俗称搐搦。汗多不止为虚证，无汗能食为实证。
说热瞀螈，都属于火，热胜风搏，并合于经络，风主动而不宁静。风火相乘，所以产生瞀螈。治疗用祛风涤热的药剂，清除火热，瞀螈立即痊愈。如果妄加火灸，或者饮用发表的药物，那么死亡就在眨眼之间了。
According to *Bencao Gangmu* (Compendium of Materia Medica): Dian and Xian refer to dizziness. When phlegm stays in the diaphragm, the dizziness is mild and does not cause collapse; when phlegm fills the upper diaphragm, the dizziness is severe, causing collapse to the ground and loss of consciousness, which is called Epilepsy (Dian-Xian). In adults it is called Dian, in children it is called Xian, but in essence they are the same disease. However, it differs from the collapse caused by Wind-Stroke (Zhongfeng), Cold-Strike (Zhonghan), Summerheat-Strike (Zhongsu), and Corpse-Jue (Shijue). Whenever an epileptic seizure causes collapse, there is a sound made in the mouth, saliva is expectorated as the patient is about to wake up, and after waking, the seizure recurs; it comes and goes intermittently without rest. In contrast, for Wind-Stroke, Cold-Stroke, Summerheat-Stroke, and Corpse-Jue, there is no sound during collapse, no saliva upon waking, and no recurrence afterwards. Even if there is occasional recurrence, it is not like the frequent attacks seen in epilepsy.
Epilepsy (Xian) and Spasm (Jing) are slightly similar but essentially different. When the disease manifests with a soft body and intermittent consciousness, it is called Xian; when the body is stiff and arched backward like a bow, with infrequent recovery of consciousness, it is called Jing. The Xian disease occurs with the tide-like action of phlegm, so there are times of consciousness; Jing disease is more severe than Xian and may involve deficiency, so many die due to stupor and loss of consciousness. Therefore, Zhu Danxi said: This is Qi deficiency combined with Fire and Phlegm. It is appropriate to use substances like Ginseng (Renshen) and Bamboo Sap (Zhuli). One must absolutely not treat it as a Wind syndrome and use Wind-dispelling herbs.
Xian is caused by Phlegm-Fire. Some predecessors called it Wind-Xian. Liu Hejian believed it arises from excessive Heat leading to Wind-Dryness, which acts as a concurrent transformation, causing saliva to overflow the chest and diaphragm, resulting in convulsions (Chouye), stupor, stiffness, and collapse. However, patients with Xian have saliva coming from the mouth, cold sweat from the body, and clear mucus from the nose. This is because the pathogens of the Yang Qiao Mai, Yin Qiao Mai, Du Mai, and Chong Mai ascend. Generally, this is due to the Kidney failing to withstand the boiling and scalding, causing upward movement. Daytime attacks belong to the Yang Qiao Mai, and nighttime attacks belong to the Yin Qiao Mai. This is a disease of the extraordinary vessels, not confined by the Five Elements, Yin-Yang, or the twelve regular meridians. It should be treated according to the methods for extraordinary pathogens affecting the Du, Chong, and two Qiao vessels.
Note: Ancient formulas for Xian sometimes mention Wind, sometimes Jing-Xian, sometimes Dian-Xian. This is because this disease is similar to Wind-Stroke, Dian-Kuang (Manic-Depressive Disorder), and Ji-Man Jing Feng (Acute and Chronic Convulsive Disorders), hence the different names. Tracing its origin, it may result from fright received in the womb, or from being startled by a sudden loud noise. Since children's Shen (Spirit) and Qi are still weak, fright causes the Shen to lose its residence. When the residence is empty, Phlegm-Saliva gathers there. Alternatively, irregular diet damages the Spleen and Stomach, accumulating into Phlegm-Fluids, which confuse the Heart orifices and cause the disease. Treatment must focus on identifying Fire and Phlegm. Predecessors often used sedative and heart-clearing drugs, which can indeed treat Heat and clear Phlegm. However, for stubborn, glued-up Phlegm, these drugs cannot easily expel it. If the Phlegm is in the upper part, emesis (Vomiting therapy) must be used first, followed by liver-calming formulas such as Qingdai Chaihu Longhui Wan. If the Phlegm is firmly rooted internally, purgation (Downward-draining therapy) is also necessary. Therefore, Zhu Danxi said: Xian belongs to Fright and Phlegm; there is no need to divide it into five categories. Generally, moving Phlegm is the main approach. Huangqin (Scutellariae Radix), Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma), Gualuo (Trichosanthis Fructus), Banxia (Pinelliae Rhizoma), and Nanxing (Arisaematis Rhizoma Preparatum) are used according to the amount of Phlegm-Fire.
Note: The root of Xian syndrome is Phlegm-Heat, so acrid-cold agents are suitable. Why then is Fuzi (Prepared Aconiti Lateralis Radix) used? Generally, Xian involves Phlegm and Blood-Stasis knotting between the Heart and Chest. Whenever Fire stirs, the disease erupts. Unless Fuzi, with its hot nature that moves freely and does not stay put, can circulate stagnation and disperse stubborn Phlegm! This is a "following treatment" method, belonging to drastic remedies (Jieji), used only out of necessity. Similarly, Wind-Stroke is fundamentally a Wind-Fire Yang pathogen, yet Wutou (Aconiti Radix) and Fuzi are used. Therefore, acrid-hot medicines are only suitable for fat, white-skinned individuals with much Phlegm, when other drugs fail. For black, thin individuals with much Fire, they are not suitable.
Chan Zhen (Tremor and Vertigo) is not chattering teeth due to cold, but rather Liver-Wood Fire flourishing excessively, with insufficient Kidney Yin. This results in lower deficiency and upper excess: the excess is Phlegm-Fire, and the deficiency is Kidney depletion. The principle is to clear the upper and tonify the lower.
Yi (Spasm/Contraction) refers to shrinking. Chan (Extension) refers to stretching. Continuous contraction and extension, with hands pulling like a saw, is similar to Chu Nuo (Clonic Jerking). Tendon urgency and shrinking constitute Yi; tendon relaxation and slackness constitute Chan; continuous contraction and extension constitute Yi Chan, commonly known as convulsions. Excessive sweating without cessation indicates Deficiency; absence of sweating with ability to eat indicates Excess.
It is stated that Heat, Mao (Obscuration/Stupor), and Yi all belong to Fire. When Heat prevails and combats Wind, merging into the collaterals, Wind acts dynamically and restlessly. Wind and Fire multiply each other, thus generating Mao Yi. Treatment uses agents that dispel Wind and purge Heat. Clearing the Fire-Heat will immediately cure Mao Yi. If cauterization is recklessly applied, or diaphoretic agents are drunk, death will follow instantly.