《金匮要略》曰∶病患有气色见于面部，愿闻其说。师曰∶鼻头色微黑者，有水
气。色黄者，胸上有寒。色白者，亡血也。设微赤非时者死。
鼻头色黄，小便必难。（上云∶胸上有寒。寒则水谷不运，故小便难也。）余处无恙，独鼻尖青黄
者，其人必为淋也。
鼻头青，腹中痛，舌冷者死。
鼻孔忽仰起者死。
鼻枯槁不泽者死。
鼻冷如冰，连两颐者，多死。
病患鼻头明，山根亮，目 黄光，起色。
鼻头微白者，亡血。
论疾诊尺篇曰∶诊血脉者，多赤多热，多青多痛，多黑为久痹，多赤、多黑、
多青皆见者，寒热。（血脉即络脉。肌皮嫩薄者，视之可见。）
《素问》平人气象论曰∶臂多青脉曰脱血。（络中血脱，故不红而多青。）
发枯生穗，血少火盛。
毛发不坚，多堕落者，卫气疏，或有风。
眉堕者，风也。
病患头毛上逆者，凶。（血枯不荣，如枯草不柔顺而劲直。小儿疳病多此，亦主有虫。）
人之大体为形，形之所充者气。形胜气者夭，（肥白气不充。）气胜形者寿。（修长黑色有神。）
气实形实，气虚形虚。
形盛脉细，少气不足以息者死。形瘦脉大，胸中多气者死。
形气相得者生，参伍不调者死。
肥人多中风，以形浓气虚，难以周流，而多郁滞生痰。
痰壅气塞成火，而多暴厥也。
瘦人阴虚，血液衰少，相火易亢，故多劳嗽。
病患形脱而气盛者死。（正虚则形脱，邪实则气盛。）形体充大而皮肤宽缓者寿。形体充大
而皮肤紧急者夭。
形气相失，谓之难治。
形盛气虚，气盛形虚，形涩而脉滑，形大脉小，形小脉大，形长脉短，形短脉
长，形滑脉涩，肥人脉细小轻虚如丝，羸人脉躁，俱凶。
血实气虚则肥，气实血虚则瘦。肥者，能寒不能热。（能读耐。）瘦者，能热不能寒。
美髯而长至胸，阳明血气盈。髯少血气弱。不足，则无髯。美髯者，太阳多血。
坐而下一脚者，腰痛也。
行迟者，痹也。或表强，或腰脚痛，或麻木风疾，里实护腹，如怀卵物者，心痛也。
持脉，病患欠者，无病也。（经云∶阳引而上，阴引而下则欠。阴阳相引，故云无病，病亦即愈。）
息摇肩者，心中坚。息引胸中上气者，咳。息张口短气者，肺痿吐沫。
形肉已脱，九候虽调者死。
掌中寒者，腹中寒。掌中热者，阴不足，虚火盛。
诊时，病患叉手扪心，闭目不言，必心虚怔忡。
仓廪不藏者，门户不要也。水泉不止者，膀胱不藏也。
头者，精明之府。头倾视深，精神将夺。
背者，胸中之府。背曲肩随，府将坏矣。
腰者，肾之府。转摇不能，肾将惫矣。
膝者，筋之府。屈伸不能，行则偻俯，筋将惫矣。
骨者，髓之府。不能久立，行则振掉，骨将惫矣。
眼胞肿，十指头微肿者，必久咳。
《金匮要略》说：病患面部出现异常气色，想听听其中的道理。老师说：鼻头颜色微黑的，体内有水气。颜色黄的，胸中有寒邪。颜色白的，是失血所致。如果微微发红且不在正常发热时节出现的，主死。
鼻头颜色黄，小便一定困难。（上文说：胸中有寒邪。寒邪导致水谷运化失常，所以小便困难。）我处观察到一个例外情况，只有鼻尖呈现青黄色的人，此人必定患有淋证（小便频数短涩、滴沥刺痛等症）。
鼻头颜色青，腹中疼痛，舌头发冷的，主死。
鼻孔突然向上翻起的，主死。
鼻子干枯萎缩、没有光泽的，主死。
鼻子冰冷如冰，并延伸至两侧面颊的，大多死亡。
病患鼻头明亮，山根（鼻梁根部）光亮，眼睛周围发黄且有光泽，这是起色（病情好转的迹象）。
鼻头微白的，是失血所致。
《灵枢·论疾诊尺篇》说：诊察血脉，颜色多赤色的多属热证，多青色的多属痛证，多黑色的多为久痹（慢性痹证），如果赤、黑、青多种颜色同时出现的，属于寒热错杂之证。（血脉即络脉。肌肉皮肤嫩薄的人，肉眼可见。）
《素问·平人气象论》说：手臂上青色脉络明显的是脱血（大量失血）。（络脉中血液枯竭，所以不红而显现青色。）
头发枯槁且结成穗状，是血少火盛的表现。
毛发不坚固，容易脱落的，是卫气疏泄，或者感受风邪。
眉毛脱落的，是风邪所致。
病患头顶毛发竖立逆上的，主凶。（血枯不能濡养，就像枯草一样不柔顺而劲直。小儿疳积病多见此象，也主体内有虫。）
人的大体为形体，形体所充盈的是气。形体胜过气的会夭折，（指肥胖但气不充盛。）气胜过形体的会长寿。（指身材修长、黑色且有神韵。）
气实则形体充实，气虚则形体虚弱。
形体壮盛但脉象细弱，气息微弱不足以呼吸的，主死。形体消瘦但脉象大，胸中气机壅滞过多的，主死。
形体与气相协调的能生，参差错乱不调和的会死。
肥胖的人多患中风，因为形体浓重而气虚，气血难以周流全身，从而多郁滞生痰。
痰浊壅塞、气机闭塞化为火邪，从而导致突然昏厥。
瘦人阴虚，血液衰少，相火容易亢奋，所以多患劳嗽（虚劳咳嗽）。
病患形体脱失而气盛有余的，主死。（正气虚弱则形体脱失，邪气实则表现为气盛。）形体充大而皮肤宽缓松弛的长寿。形体充大而皮肤紧绷紧急的夭折。
形体与气不相称，称为难治。
形体盛而气虚，气盛而形体虚，形体涩滞而脉滑，形体大脉小，形体小脉大，形体长脉短，形体短脉长，形体滑利而脉涩，肥胖的人脉细小轻虚如丝线，消瘦的人脉躁动，都属于凶险之兆。
血实气虚则身体肥胖，气实血虚则身体消瘦。肥胖者，耐寒不耐热。（“能”读作“耐”。）瘦者，耐热不耐寒。
胡须美观且长至胸部，说明阳明经血气充盈。胡须稀少说明血气虚弱。血气不足，则无胡须。胡须美观的，说明太阳经多血。
坐着时一只脚垂下的，是腰痛。
行走迟缓的，是痹证。或者是表证强急，或者是腰脚疼痛，或者是麻木风疾。若里实证护住腹部，像怀着蛋物一样的姿态，是心痛。
切脉时，病患打哈欠的，是无病。（经文说：阳气引而上行，阴气引而下行为哈欠。阴阳相互牵引，所以说无病，即使有病也会痊愈。）
呼吸时耸肩的，心中痞结坚硬。呼吸时牵引胸中气上逆的，是咳嗽。呼吸时张口短气的，是肺痿吐沫。
形体肌肉已经脱失，即使九候脉象调和，也主死。
手掌寒冷的，腹中有寒。手掌发热的，阴液不足，虚火旺盛。
诊察时，病患双手交叉按抚心口，闭目不言，必定是心虚怔忡（心悸不安）。
仓廪（脾胃）不能藏纳的，是因为门户（肛门、膀胱括约肌等）不能固摄。水泉（尿液）不止的，是膀胱不能藏纳。
头，是精明之府。头低垂、视物深陷，精神即将耗夺。
背，是胸中之府。背部弯曲、肩膀下垂，府将败坏。
腰，是肾之府。转动摇晃不能自如，肾将疲惫。
膝，是筋之府。屈伸不能，行走时弯腰驼背，筋将疲惫。
骨，是髓之府。不能久站，行走时身体震颤摇摆，骨将疲惫。
眼睑肿胀，十个手指头轻微肿胀的，必定是久咳。
The *Jingui Yaolue* (Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Cabinet) states: When a patient exhibits abnormal facial complexion, one wishes to hear the explanation. The Master said: If the tip of the nose is slightly black, it indicates fluid retention (Shui Qi). If yellow, there is cold in the chest. If white, it indicates loss of blood. If slightly red and appearing out of season (not during fever), it signifies death.
If the tip of the nose is yellow, urination will certainly be difficult. (As mentioned above: Cold in the chest prevents the transportation of water and grain, hence difficulty in urination.) I have observed an exception: if only the tip of the nose appears greenish-yellow, the person must suffer from Lin syndrome (a condition characterized by frequent, painful, and scanty urination).
If the tip of the nose is green, accompanied by abdominal pain and a cold tongue, it signifies death.
If the nostrils suddenly turn upward, it signifies death.
If the nose is withered, shriveled, and lacks luster, it signifies death.
If the nose is cold as ice and extends to both cheeks, death is likely.
If the patient's nose tip is bright and the root of the nose (Shan Gen) is luminous, with yellowish luster around the eyes, this indicates recovery (Qi Se).
If the tip of the nose is slightly white, it indicates loss of blood.
The chapter "Lun Ji Zhen Chi" (Discussing Diseases and Diagnosing the Forearm) in *Lingshu* states: When diagnosing the collateral vessels, many red colors indicate heat; many blue/green colors indicate pain; many black colors indicate chronic Bi syndrome (obstruction); if red, black, and blue/green colors are all present, it indicates mixed cold and heat. (Collateral vessels refer to the Luo vessels. In individuals with thin skin and flesh, they are visible to the naked eye.)
The chapter "Ping Ren Qi Xiang Lun" (Discussion on the Normal State and Signs of People) in *Suwen* states: Prominent blue/green veins on the arm indicate severe blood loss (Tuo Xue). (When blood is depleted in the collaterals, they do not appear red but rather blue/green.)
Withered hair forming tufts indicates insufficient blood and flourishing fire.
Hair that is not firm and falls out easily indicates deficient Wei Qi (Defensive Qi) or the presence of Wind pathogen.
Loss of eyebrows indicates Wind.
If the hair on the top of the head stands upright and reversed, it is an ominous sign. (Blood deficiency fails to nourish, making the hair stiff and straight like withered grass. This is common in pediatric Gan disease [malnutrition] and also indicates intestinal parasites.)
The human body consists primarily of Form (Xing), which is filled with Qi. If Form exceeds Qi, premature death occurs (e.g., obesity without sufficient Qi). If Qi exceeds Form, longevity is achieved (e.g., slender, dark-skinned, and spirited). When Qi is substantial, the Form is robust; when Qi is deficient, the Form is weak.
If the Form is robust but the pulse is fine, and breath is too short to sustain respiration, it signifies death. If the Form is emaciated but the pulse is large, with excessive Qi stagnation in the chest, it signifies death.
If Form and Qi are harmonious, life is sustained; if they are disordered and inconsistent, death ensues.
Obese people are prone to Zhong Feng (Wind Stroke) because their heavy form and deficient Qi hinder circulation, leading to stagnation and phlegm production.
Phlegm obstruction and Qi blockage transform into Fire, leading to sudden syncope (Bao Jue).
Emaciated people have Yin deficiency and depleted blood, causing Ministerial Fire (Xiang Huo) to hyperactive easily, thus often suffering from Lao Sou (consumptive cough).
If a patient has lost physical substance (Form) yet exhibits excess Qi, it signifies death. (Deficiency of Zheng Qi leads to loss of Form; excess of Evil Qi manifests as excess Qi.) Robust Form with loose and relaxed skin indicates longevity. Robust Form with tight and tense skin indicates premature death.
When Form and Qi are mismatched, the condition is difficult to treat.
Robust Form with deficient Qi, excess Qi with deficient Form, rough Form with slippery pulse, large Form with small pulse, small Form with large pulse, long Form with short pulse, short Form with long pulse, smooth Form with choppy pulse, fine and thread-like pulse in obese people, and restless pulse in emaciated people—all are ominous signs.
Excess Blood with deficient Qi results in obesity; Excess Qi with deficient Blood results in emaciation. Obese people can endure cold but not heat. Emaciated people can endure heat but not cold.
Beautiful beard extending to the chest indicates fullness of Qi and Blood in the Yangming channels. Sparse beard indicates weak Qi and Blood. Insufficiency results in no beard. Beautiful beard indicates abundant Blood in the Taiyang channel.
Sitting with one leg hanging down indicates lower back pain.
Slow walking indicates Bi syndrome. It may be due to exterior stiffness, lower back and leg pain, numbness from Wind disease, or interior excess protecting the abdomen, resembling holding an egg, indicating Heart pain.
During pulse diagnosis, if the patient yawns, there is no disease. (The classics state: Yang draws upward, Yin draws downward, causing yawning. The mutual attraction of Yin and Yang implies health, or that existing illness will heal.)
Shoulder movement during breathing indicates hardness in the chest center. Breathing that pulls Qi upward from the chest indicates cough. Open-mouthed breathing with shortness of breath indicates Fei Wei (Lung萎/Flaccidity) with spitting of foam.
If muscles and flesh have wasted away, even if the nine pulses are harmonious, death ensues.
Cold palms indicate cold in the abdomen. Hot palms indicate insufficiency of Yin and flourishing deficiency Fire.
During examination, if the patient crosses hands over the heart, closes eyes, and remains silent, it indicates Heart Qi deficiency with Xin Xu Zheng Tong (palpitations and anxiety).
If the Granary (Spleen/Stomach) cannot store, it is because the gates (orifices) cannot secure. If the Water Spring (urine) does not stop, it is because the Bladder cannot store.
The Head is the Mansion of Jing Ming (Spirit and Clarity). A drooping head and deep-set eyes indicate the depletion of Spirit.
The Back is the Mansion of the Chest. A curved back and drooping shoulders indicate the deterioration of the Mansion.
The Waist is the Mansion of the Kidney. Inability to twist or rotate indicates the exhaustion of the Kidneys.
The Knees are the Mansion of the Tendons. Inability to flex and extend, or stooping while walking, indicates the exhaustion of the Tendons.
The Bones are the Mansion of the Marrow. Inability to stand for long periods or trembling while walking indicates the exhaustion of the Bones.
Swollen eyelids and slightly swollen fingertips indicate chronic cough.