《经》曰∶忧思则心系急，急则气道约，（约，结而不行也。忧思郁结则气不行，志为气帅，自
然而然，何必推说到心系急乎？此真形骸之论，后人之伪说耳。故太息以出之。舒之也。）
气盛而郁则为
怒，气不盛而郁则为太息。观《经》谓胆病者，（气不得升故为胆病。）善太息，口苦
呕汁可知。太息之与怒，同属于郁矣。
笑由于喜，喜属心，则笑亦属心。《经》曰∶心藏神，神有余则笑不休。神即
心火也，观于火燔烁甚则鸣笑可知也。烛笑而光摇，人笑而气浮。子和以烧盐（沧盐二
两，火烧通赤，放冷研细，河水煎服。）探吐热痰，及黄连解毒汤而愈。水克火，寒胜热也。
悲属肺，悲则气降，肺主降，故属肺也。仲景云∶妇人脏躁，则悲伤欲哭，
象如神灵所作，（无故而哭，即本人亦不自知，故如鬼神所凭也。）小麦一升，大枣十枚，水煮服。
子和诊一妇人，问曰∶娘子常欲痛哭为快否？妇人曰∶然。子和曰∶火灼肺金，金
受屈制，无所投告，肺主悲，故欲痛哭也。投黄连解毒汤（见喜）而愈。
喻嘉言诊姜宜人大肠血枯燥，曰∶病中多哭泣否？曰∶然。盖大肠与肺为表里，
大肠燥则火热干肺也。
遇事而惊者，由于外也；因病而惊者，动于中也。心为热所乘，则动而惊。而
属之肝胆者，以肝主动，而胆虚则善惊也。（胆小及胆大而虚者，皆善惊，由血液不足
也。血液者
水也，水主静，水足则静而不易动，故不惊。）心肝赖血以养，血虚则心之神无所根据，肝之
魂亦不
藏。五脏之热，皆得乘心而致惊。《经》谓∶阳明病者，恶人与火，（胃热则恶人之扰与火
之热，不得安静清凉也。）闻木音则惕然而惊。（木生火而主动故也。）举阳明可概其余矣。
内火之惊，
脉多浮数；外事之惊，脉多浮动，动脉如豆摇摇不定是也。黄连安神丸。惊则气上，
以重坠之药镇其浮越。（丹砂、龙骨之类。）由于火盛血虚者，甘寒滋润之剂以泻心补血。
惊则心神出而舍空，液入成痰，拒其神不得归，而惊不能已，十味温胆汤、养心汤、
寿星丸、（见狂癫。）控涎丹（见痰）加辰砂、远志。惊由于火，而致火多端，有五饮停蓄郁成
火者，五饮汤丸。（见痰饮。）由湿郁成热者，羌活胜湿汤。（见伤湿。）因寒而郁成热者，散
寒火自退。热郁有痰，寒水石散。气郁有痰，加味四七汤。睡卧不安，时时惊觉者，
温胆汤加枣仁、莲肉，以金银同煎，吞十四友丸，或镇心丹、远志丸。惊者平之，
子和谓平，乃平常之义。如闻响而惊者，常击物作响，使习闻如平常，则不惊矣。
《黄帝内经》说：忧愁思虑会使心脉拘急，心脉拘急则气道约束。（“约”意为气结滞而不行。忧思郁结导致气机不畅，志意由气所统帅，这是自然之理，何必非要推演到心脉拘急呢？这真是只论形骸的浅见，是后人的伪说罢了。所以通过太息来宣泄它，以舒展气机。）气盛而郁结就会发怒，气不盛而郁结就会表现为太息。看《内经》中说胆病患者（因气机不得升发故称为胆病），喜欢太息，口苦、呕吐苦水，由此可知。太息与发怒，都归属于气郁这一范畴。
笑源于喜悦，喜悦归属于心，所以笑也归属于心。《内经》说：心藏神，神有余就会笑个不停。神就是心火，观察火焰燃烧旺盛时发出的声响就知道这一点了。蜡烛燃烧时火光摇曳，人发笑时气息上浮。张子和用烧盐（取沧盐二两，火烧至通红，放冷后研成细粉，用河水煎服）探吐热痰，以及使用黄连解毒汤治愈了病症。这是水克火、寒胜热的道理。
悲伤归属于肺，悲伤时气机下降，肺主肃降，所以悲伤归属于肺。张仲景说：妇女脏躁症，会出现悲伤想哭的症状，神情举止像被神灵附体一样，（无故哭泣，连本人自己也不知道原因，所以好像有鬼神凭依。）可用小麦一升，大枣十枚，用水煮后服用。张子和诊治一位妇人，问道：“娘子是否常常想要痛哭才痛快？”妇人说：“是的。”张子和说：“火热灼伤肺金，肺金受到委屈制约，无处申诉，肺主悲，所以想要痛哭。”给予黄连解毒汤（见前文喜证部分）而痊愈。喻嘉言诊治姜宜人患大肠血枯燥，问道：“生病期间是否经常哭泣？”回答说：“是的。”因为大肠与肺互为表里，大肠燥热则会火热上干于肺。
遇到事情而受惊的，是由于外因；因病而受惊的，是动于内因。心被热邪侵犯，就会躁动而惊。将惊归属于肝胆，是因为肝主动，而胆虚就容易受惊。（胆小或胆大而虚的人，都容易受惊，这是由于血液不足所致。血液属于水类，水主静，水充足则安静而不易妄动，所以不会受惊。）心和肝依赖血液来滋养，血虚则心的神无所依托，肝的魂也不能潜藏。五脏的热邪，都能乘袭于心而导致惊悸。《内经》说：阳明病患者，厌恶人与火光，（胃热则厌恶人的干扰与火的炎热，无法得到安静清凉。）听到木器的声音就会惊恐不安。（因为木生火且主动的缘故。）举出阳明的情况就可以概括其余各经了。内火引起的惊悸，脉象多浮数；外事引起的惊悸，脉象多浮动，动脉如豆粒般摇摇不定，就是这样。方用黄连安神丸。惊则气机上逆，需用重镇沉降的药物来镇压其浮越之气。（如朱砂、龙骨之类。）由于火盛血虚引起的，用甘寒滋润的药剂来清泻心火、补益血液。惊则心神外越而舍空，津液入内化为痰浊，阻碍心神回归，导致惊悸不能停止，可用十味温胆汤、养心汤、寿星丸（见狂癫篇）、控涎丹（见痰篇）加辰砂、远志。惊由于火引起，而导致火的原因有很多，有五饮停蓄郁结化火的，用五饮汤丸（见痰饮篇）。由湿郁结化热的，用羌活胜湿汤（见伤湿篇）。因寒邪郁结化热的，散寒则火自退。热郁伴有痰浊的，用寒水石散。气郁伴有痰浊的，用加味四七汤。睡卧不安，时时惊醒的，用温胆汤加枣仁、莲肉，用金银同煎，吞服十四友丸，或镇心丹、远志丸。惊者平之，张子和所说的“平”，乃是平常的意思。比如听到响声而受惊的，就经常敲击物体发出声响，使其习惯听这种声音如同平常一样，就不会再受惊了。
The *Classic* states: "Worry and thought cause the Heart vessels to contract; contraction leads to the constriction of the Qi mechanism." ("Constriction" means Qi is knotted and fails to circulate. Worry and thought lead to Qi stagnation; since Will (Zhi) is commanded by Qi, this is a natural process. Why must one deduce it to the contraction of the Heart vessels? This is truly a superficial theory focusing only on physical form, a pseudo-theory of later generations. Therefore, deep sighing (Tai Xi) is used to expel it, to soothe and unblock the Qi.) When Qi is abundant and stagnant, it manifests as anger; when Qi is not abundant but stagnant, it manifests as deep sighing. Observing the *Classic* stating that patients with Gallbladder disease (due to Qi failing to ascend) often sigh, have a bitter taste in the mouth, and vomit bitter fluid, we can understand this. Deep sighing and anger both belong to the category of Qi stagnation.
Laughter arises from joy; joy belongs to the Heart, therefore laughter also belongs to the Heart. The *Classic* states: "The Heart stores the Spirit (Shen); if Shen is in excess, laughter will be incessant." Spirit is essentially Heart Fire. Observing that flames roar loudly when burning intensely, we can understand this. When a candle burns, its light flickers; when a person laughs, their Qi floats upward. Zhang Hezi used roasted salt (two taels of Cangyan salt, heated until red-hot, cooled, ground into fine powder, and decocted in river water) to induce vomiting of hot phlegm, and cured the patient using Huanglian Jiedu Tang (Coptis Decoction for Detoxification). This illustrates the principle of Water overcoming Fire, and Cold overcoming Heat.
Sorrow belongs to the Lung; sorrow causes Qi to descend, and the Lung governs descending, thus sorrow belongs to the Lung. Zhang Zhongjing stated: "In women with Zang-Jiao syndrome, there is sorrow and a desire to cry, with behaviors resembling those possessed by spirits." (Crying without reason, even the patient does not know why, so it seems as if possessed by ghosts or gods.) One may use one sheng of wheat and ten large dates, decocted in water for oral administration. Zhang Hezi diagnosed a female patient, asking: "Does Madam often feel relief after crying bitterly?" The woman replied: "Yes." Zhang Hezi said: "Fire scorching Lung Metal; Metal feels wronged and suppressed, having no outlet to complain. Since the Lung governs sorrow, there is a desire to cry bitterly." She was cured using Huanglian Jiedu Tang (see Joy section). Yu Jiayan diagnosed Jiang Yiren suffering from dryness and blood deficiency in the Large Intestine, asking: "Do you cry frequently during illness?" The reply was: "Yes." This is because the Large Intestine and Lung are exterior-interior partners; dryness in the Large Intestine allows Fire-Heat to harass the Lung.
Being startled by external events stems from external causes; being startled due to illness stems from internal causes. If the Heart is invaded by Heat, movement and startle occur. Attributing startle to the Liver and Gallbladder is because the Liver governs movement, and Gallbladder deficiency leads to easy startle. (Those with timid or overly large yet deficient Gallbladders are prone to startle, due to insufficient Blood. Blood belongs to the category of Water; Water governs stillness. When Water is sufficient, it remains still and difficult to disturb, hence no startle.) The Heart and Liver rely on Blood for nourishment. When Blood is deficient, the Spirit of the Heart has no foundation, and the Ethereal Soul (Hun) of the Liver cannot be stored. Heat from any of the Five Viscera can invade the Heart and cause startle. The *Classic* states: "Patients with Yangming disease dislike people and fire." (Stomach heat causes aversion to human disturbance and the heat of fire, preventing tranquility and coolness.) "Hearing the sound of wood makes them tremble with fear." (Because Wood generates Fire and governs movement.) Taking Yangming as an example covers the rest. Startle caused by internal Fire typically presents with a floating and rapid pulse; startle caused by external affairs typically presents with a floating and moving pulse, where the Moving pulse resembles a bean, trembling and unstable. Formula: Huanglian Anshen Wan (Coptis Calming the Spirit Pill). Since startle causes Qi to rise upward, heavy and sinking herbs are used to suppress its floating and overflowing nature (such as Cinnabar and Dragon Bone). For cases due to excessive Fire and Blood deficiency, sweet and cold moistening agents are used to drain Heart Fire and tonify Blood. Startle causes the Spirit to leave the Heart, leaving it empty; fluids enter and transform into Phlegm, blocking the Spirit's return, causing intractable startle. Formulas include Shiwai Wendan Tang (Ten-Ingredient Gallbladder-Warming Decoction), Yangxin Tang (Nourish the Heart Decoction), Shouxing Wan (Longevity Star Pill) (see Mania and Epilepsy sections), Kongxian Dan (Draining Fluids Elixir) (see Phlegm section) added with Chen Sha (Vermilion) and Yuanzhi (Polygala Root). Startle originates from Fire, but the causes of Fire are manifold: if caused by five types of retained fluids stagnating and transforming into Fire, use Wuyin Tangwan (Five Retained Fluids Decoction/Pill) (see Phlegm-Fluids section). If caused by Dampness stagnating and transforming into Heat, use Qianghuo Shengshi Tang (Notopterygium Overcoming Dampness Decoction) (see Injury by Dampness section). If caused by Cold stagnating and transforming into Heat, dispersing Cold causes Fire to recede naturally. For Heat stagnation with Phlegm, use Hanshuishi San (Cold Water Stone Powder). For Qi stagnation with Phlegm, use Jiawei Siqui Tang (Modified Four Seven Decoction). For restless sleep and frequent waking due to startle, use Wendan Tang added with Zaoren (Semen Ziziphus Spinosae) and Lianrou (Endocarpium Nelumbinis), decocted together with Yinjin (Silver Filings), swallowed with Shisiyou Wan (Fourteen Friends Pill), or Zhenxin Dan (Calming the Heart Elixir), or Yuanzhi Wan (Polygala Pill). "Startle should be pacified." Zhang Hezi explained that "pacify" means making it ordinary. For instance, if one is startled by loud noises, one should frequently strike objects to make noise, allowing them to become accustomed to hearing it as ordinary, thus ceasing to be startled.