喉不肿，干痛难忍，气促者死。喉痛，头汗出者死。喉干痛无痰者死。喉声如雷及呛
食者死。孕妇喉痛，脉浮者死。
耳痛耳肿，与耳痛耳聋者，皆胆病。耳痛，耳鸣者，三焦病。耳痛耳叶黄者，类伤
寒。耳聋舌卷，唇青者，肝病险。耳聋发狂者，阳虚病。两耳枯焦者死。耳上起青筋者，
肝风。耳叶枯薄而青，耳叶枯薄而黑，耳叶枯薄而白者，皆肾败。
舌润如常，未生苔者，邪在表。苔见白滑者，邪入里。白苔滑者，邪在胆经。白苔
燥者，邪热。舌苔淡白者，里寒。白浓苔，如煮熟色者，寒积脾绝。白苔中黄者，邪入胃。
干白苔，中心黑者死。白苔起雪花片者，脾冷闭危。白苔尖生灰色刺者，十中救五。舌
尖白苔，根黄及根黑，或半边干半边湿者，胆病。半边白苔，半边黄黑苔者，危。白苔中
有黑点者，十中救二。（白苔多而滑，黄黑苔少者，多表邪。黄黑苔多而干白苔少者，多
里症。）白苔中两条黑者死。舌尖白苔，根黄苔者危。舌尖与根白苔，中心黑者死。舌尖
白苔，中红苔，根黑苔者死。白苔外烦躁欲坐卧泥水中，脉虚大者，是阴寒逼其无根之
火上扰，当温之。舌白色者失血。白苔腻者脾热。黄苔而滑者，热未盛。黄苔而干者，热
已盛。黄苔生芒刺黑点者，十中救二。黄苔起裂瓣者，胃液干。舌中黄苔，两边白苔者，
邪入内。舌两边黄苔，中心白苔者，邪入大肠。舌根黄苔，尖白苔，舌短缩者，胃热湿
痰及宿食。黄苔带黑苔者，肝热。黄苔带红色者，小肠热。浓湿黄苔，中心青紫色者，阴
症。黄苔带灰色者，胃热。黄苔带黑色者危。外感挟内伤五六日，黄苔中心干，两边润者。
里热（未重）。满舌黄黑苔燥者，里热已甚，当急润之。舌色黄者血虚。
舌红者暑症。舌红极者温毒。舌红中带白色者寒邪。舌红中夹两条灰色者，温疫挟
寒食。舌红有黑者，热毒入肾。舌红极有黄芒刺者，热毒入胃。舌中红晕，四边黑者热
极。舌红如虫咬者，火旺。舌红生大点者，胃热挟湿。舌红有白点者，心胞邪。舌红尖黑
者肾虚。舌红有黑点者，胃热。舌红起干裂纹者肝热。舌红胀烂者，湿热入脾。舌红生
白泡者，火旺。舌生紫疮者，火郁。舌生红点者，火炎。舌红嫩如新生，望之似润，摸
之干燥者，乃妄行汗下，津液竭死。
舌绛（深红色也）者，热入血分。舌绛兼白黄苔者，气分邪未尽。舌绛中心干者，心胃火
旺。舌绛望之似干，摸之湿者，津亏湿热盛欲蒙心胞。舌绛粘腻者秽浊。舌绦光亮者，胃
津亡。舌绛干燥者，火邪伤营。舌绦生黄白碎点者，欲发牙疳。舌绛干缩者，肾阴竭，十中救
二。舌尖干绛者，心火旺。舌底绛面有白苔者，湿热遏伏。初病舌便干，神清者，宜
扶正透邪。（如神便昏者不治。）舌边绛，中白如粉而滑者，邪在表。舌绛难伸者，痰阻舌
根。舌赤者里热。舌紫暗摸之湿者，瘀血挟热。舌紫肿大者酒毒。舌紫暗而干者，肝胃
绝。舌紫黑者阴寒。舌紫有红点，舌紫带干黄，舌紫短缩者，皆热毒。舌淡紫带青而滑
者，阴寒。舌紫带灰黑苔而滑者，邪伤血分。舌干紫如煮熟猪肝者死。
舌苔黑润，不发热不渴者，阴寒，当温之。黑苔而燥者，热病。黑苔而滑，发热者，
暑症。黑苔生干芒刺，刮去底色红者生，底色黑者死，刮去又生者死。青苔者寒极。舌
卷干黑者热病。冬月黑苔者死。黑苔舌烂者心肾绝。舌根黑舌尖白者，胃火犯肾。舌根
黑，舌尖红者，肾邪。白苔有黑点者胃热。舌黑而缩者肝绝。舌黑生紫泡者肝绝。舌心一
条黑燥，两边或白或黄者，两感症。舌心一条黑润，两边白者，表里皆虚。舌黑带红者，
肾虚挟邪。舌半黑半黄，或半黄半白，或中干边润，或尖干根润者，传并之邪。舌红露
黑纹数条者，阴症。舌外红内黑者，热极。外白内黑，外黄内黑者，皆热极。
舌灰黑者阴邪。灰黑苔而干者热传里。舌灰色薄润者，阴寒。舌灰黄干裂者，热病。舌
灰色中有黑晕者，邪入肾。舌中灰黑，四边微红者，邪入大肠。热毒内传一次者，见灰
黑晕一重，（热毒内传二三次者，见灰黑晕二三重。）不治。初病舌便灰色无苔者，寒食痰
水。感冒妄行汗下，二便通，舌灰黑而滑或干者，虚火上炎。白苔中心渐黑者，热传里。
红苔渐黑者，热病险。舌冲酱色者，夹食伤寒。
舌强难动者危。舌生干糙裂刺者危。舌收敛如干荔枝肉者危。舌亮如镜面无苔者，胃
绝。舌现人字纹者死。舌蓝色者肝绝。舌吐出数寸者危。舌吐出难收者热极。舌缩入喉，
难言者寒极。舌短者宿食，危。舌肿大者，热极，急砭之。舌硬者为痰，危。舌枯缩者心
绝，舌瘦而长者心绝。啮舌者死。 舌者危。舌卷神昏者危。汗出不流，舌卷者死。伤寒，
舌吐出者死。
咽喉不肿胀，但干燥疼痛难以忍受，且伴有呼吸急促的，预后不良（死亡）。咽喉疼痛，头部出汗的，预后不良。咽喉干燥疼痛且无痰的，预后不良。喉间发出如雷般的声响及呛食的，预后不良。孕妇咽喉疼痛，脉象浮的，预后不良。
耳痛、耳肿，以及耳痛伴耳聋的，都是胆经病变。耳痛伴耳鸣的，是三焦经病变。耳痛且耳廓发黄的，症状类似伤寒。耳聋伴舌体卷缩、嘴唇青紫的，是肝病，病情危重。耳聋伴发狂的，是阳气虚衰的病证。双耳干枯焦黑的，预后不良。耳上方出现青色筋络的，是肝风内动。耳廓干枯变薄且呈青色、黑色或白色的，都是肾气败绝的表现。
舌面湿润如常，尚未生苔的，病邪在表。舌苔呈现白滑的，病邪入里。白苔滑腻的，病邪在胆经。白苔干燥的，是邪热。舌苔淡白的，是里寒。白厚腻苔，颜色像煮熟食物颜色的，是寒积导致脾气衰竭。白苔中间发黄，是病邪传入胃腑。干白苔，中心发黑的，预后不良。白苔上出现雪花状斑片的，是脾冷闭阻，病情危急。白苔尖端生出灰色刺状的，十例可救五例。舌尖白苔，根部发黄或发黑，或者半边干半边湿的，是胆经病变。半边白苔，半边黄黑苔的，病情危重。白苔中有黑点的，十例可救二例。（白苔多而滑，黄黑苔少的，多是表邪；黄黑苔多而干白苔少的，多是里症。）白苔中有两条黑线的，预后不良。舌尖白苔，根部黄苔的，病情危重。舌尖与根部均为白苔，中心发黑的，预后不良。舌尖白苔，中部红苔，根部黑苔的，预后不良。白苔外见烦躁不安，想要坐卧在泥水中的，脉象虚大的，这是阴寒逼迫无根之火上浮扰乱，应当用温法治疗。舌色白的，是失血证。白苔腻的，是脾热。黄苔滑腻的，热势未盛。黄苔干燥的，热势已盛。黄苔生出芒刺和黑点的，十例可救二例。黄苔出现裂纹瓣状的，是胃液枯竭。舌中黄苔，两边白苔的，病邪入内。舌两边黄苔，中心白苔的，病邪传入大肠。舌根黄苔，舌尖白苔，舌体短缩的，是胃热、湿痰及宿食。黄苔带黑苔的，是肝热。黄苔带红色的，是小肠热。浓湿的黄苔，中心呈青紫色的，是阴证。黄苔带灰色的，是胃热。黄苔带黑色的，病情危重。外感病兼内伤五六天，黄苔中心干燥，两边润泽的，是里热（程度不重）。满舌黄黑苔干燥的，里热极盛，应当紧急滋润。舌色黄的，是血虚。
舌红的，是暑证。舌红至极的，是温毒。舌红中带白色的，是寒邪。舌红中夹杂两条灰色的，是温疫兼夹寒食。舌红有黑色的，是热毒入肾。舌红至极且有黄色芒刺的，是热毒入胃。舌中红晕，四边黑色的，是热极。舌红如虫咬状的，是火旺。舌红生大点的，是胃热挟湿。舌红有白点的，是心包受邪。舌红尖黑的，是肾虚。舌红有黑点的，是胃热。舌红起干裂纹的，是肝热。舌红肿胀溃烂的，是湿热入脾。舌红生白泡的，是火旺。舌生紫疮的，是火郁。舌生红点的，是火炎。舌红嫩如新生，看着似湿润，摸起来干燥的，是因为误用汗下法，津液枯竭而死。
舌绛（深红色）的，是热入血分。舌绛兼有白黄苔的，气分邪气未尽。舌绛中心干燥的，是心胃火旺。舌绛看起来干燥，摸起来湿润的，是津亏湿热盛，将要蒙蔽心包。舌绛粘腻的，是秽浊之气。舌绛光亮的，是胃津亡失。舌绛干燥的，是火邪损伤营阴。舌绛生黄白碎点的，将要发生牙疳。舌绛干缩的，是肾阴竭，十例可救二例。舌尖干绛的，是心火旺。舌底绛面有白苔的，是湿热遏伏。初病舌便干燥，神志清醒的，宜扶正透邪。（如果神志昏迷的，不可治。）舌边绛，中间白如粉且滑的，病邪在表。舌绛难伸出的，是痰阻舌根。舌赤的，是里热。舌紫暗摸之湿润的，是瘀血挟热。舌紫肿大的，是酒毒。舌紫暗而干燥的，是肝胃绝。舌紫黑的，是阴寒。舌紫有红点，舌紫带干黄，舌紫短缩的，都是热毒。舌淡紫带青而滑的，是阴寒。舌紫带灰黑苔而滑的，是邪伤血分。舌干紫像煮熟的猪肝的，预后不良。
舌苔黑润，不发热不口渴的，是阴寒，应当温补。黑苔干燥的，是热病。黑苔滑腻，发热的，是暑证。黑苔生干芒刺，刮去底色若为红色者生，底色为黑色者死，刮去后又生的，死。青苔的是寒极。舌卷缩干燥发黑的，是热病。冬季出现黑苔的，预后不良。舌黑且腐烂的，是心肾绝。舌根黑舌尖白的，是胃火犯肾。舌根黑，舌尖红的，是肾邪。白苔有黑点的，是胃热。舌黑且收缩的，是肝绝。舌黑生紫泡的，是肝绝。舌心一条黑燥，两边或白或黄的，是两感症。舌心一条黑润，两边白的，是表里皆虚。舌黑带红的，是肾虚挟邪。舌半黑半黄，或半黄半白，或中间干边缘润，或舌尖干根润的，是传并之邪。舌红露出数条黑纹的，是阴证。舌外红内黑的，是热极。外白内黑，外黄内黑的，都是热极。
舌灰黑的是阴邪。灰黑苔干燥的，是热传里。舌灰色薄润的，是阴寒。舌灰黄干裂的，是热病。舌灰色中有黑晕的，是邪入肾。舌中灰黑，四边微红的，是邪入大肠。热毒内传一次的，见灰黑晕一重，（热毒内传二三次的，见灰黑晕二三重。）不可治。初病舌便呈灰色无苔的，是寒食痰水。感冒误用汗下法，二便通畅，舌灰黑而滑或干的，是虚火上炎。白苔中心渐黑的，是热传里。红苔渐黑的，是热病险。舌冲酱色的，是夹食伤寒。
舌强直难动的，预后不良。舌生干糙裂纹刺状的，预后不良。舌收敛如干荔枝肉状的，预后不良。舌亮如镜面没有苔的，是胃绝。舌现人字纹的，预后不良。舌蓝色的，是肝绝。舌吐出数寸的，预后不良。舌吐出后难收回的，是热极。舌缩入喉，不能说话的，是寒极。舌短的，是宿食，预后不良。舌肿大的，是热极，急用砭石放血。舌硬的，是痰，预后不良。舌枯缩的，是心绝，舌瘦而长的也是心绝。咬舌的，预后不良。舌颤动的，预后不良。舌卷缩神志昏迷的，预后不良。汗出不流，舌卷缩的，预后不良。伤寒，舌吐出的，预后不良。
The throat is not swollen, but dry and painfully sore, accompanied by shortness of breath; this indicates death. Sore throat with sweating on the head; this indicates death. Dry and painful throat without phlegm; this indicates death. Noisy breathing like thunder in the throat and choking on food; this indicates death. Sore throat in pregnant women with a floating pulse (Fu Mai, superficial pulse); this indicates death.
Ear pain and swelling, as well as ear pain with deafness, are all diseases of the Gallbladder channel. Ear pain with tinnitus is a disease of the Sanjiao (Triple Burner). Ear pain with yellowing of the auricle resembles Shaoyang syndrome (Shanghan). Deafness with tongue retraction and cyanotic lips indicates a critical Liver disease. Deafness with mania indicates Yang deficiency. Withered and scorched ears indicate death. Blue veins appearing above the ears indicate Liver wind. Withered and thin auricles that are blue, black, or white all indicate Kidney failure.
A moist tongue surface resembling normal conditions without coating indicates pathogenic factors at the Exterior. A white and slippery coating indicates pathogenic factors entering the Interior. A white and slippery coating indicates pathogenic factors in the Gallbladder meridian. A dry white coating indicates pathogenic heat. A pale white coating indicates Interior cold. A thick, greasy white coating resembling the color of cooked food indicates cold accumulation and Spleen Qi exhaustion. A white coating with yellow center indicates pathogenic factors entering the Stomach. A dry white coating with a black center indicates death. White coating with snowflake-like patches indicates critical Spleen cold obstruction. White coating with gray thorns at the tip: five out of ten cases can be saved. White coating at the tongue tip, yellow or black at the root, or half dry and half wet indicates Gallbladder disease. Half white coating and half yellow-black coating is critical. White coating with black spots: two out of ten cases can be saved. (When white coating is abundant and slippery, and yellow/black coating is scarce, it is mostly Exterior pathogen. When yellow/black coating is abundant and dry white coating is scarce, it is mostly Interior syndrome.) Two black lines in the white coating indicate death. White coating at the tip, yellow coating at the root is critical. White coating at both tip and root, black in the center indicates death. White coating at the tip, red in the middle, black at the root indicates death. Restlessness outside the white coating, desiring to sit or lie in mud/water, with a deficient and large pulse, indicates Yin cold forcing rootless fire to float upward; warm treatment is indicated. White tongue color indicates blood loss. Greasy white coating indicates Spleen heat. Slippery yellow coating indicates heat is not yet severe. Dry yellow coating indicates heat is already severe. Yellow coating with芒刺 (thorns) and black spots: two out of ten cases can be saved. Cracked and flaking yellow coating indicates Stomach fluid exhaustion. Yellow coating in the center, white on both sides indicates pathogenic factors entering the Interior. Yellow coating on both sides, white in the center indicates pathogenic factors entering the Large Intestine. Yellow coating at the root, white at the tip, with tongue shortening indicates Stomach heat, damp-phlegm, and retained food. Yellow coating with black indicates Liver heat. Yellow coating with red indicates Small Intestine heat. Thick, wet yellow coating with a cyan-purple center indicates Yin syndrome. Yellow coating with gray indicates Stomach heat. Yellow coating with black is critical. External contraction complicated by internal injury for five to six days, with dry yellow coating in the center and moist on both sides, indicates Interior heat (not severe). Full tongue with dry yellow-black coating indicates extreme Interior heat; urgent moistening is required. Yellow tongue color indicates Blood deficiency.
Red tongue indicates Summerheat syndrome. Extremely red tongue indicates Warm toxicity. Red tongue with white indicates Cold pathogen. Red tongue with two gray streaks indicates Warm epidemic complicated by cold and food retention. Red tongue with black indicates Heat toxin entering the Kidney. Extremely red tongue with yellow thorns indicates Heat toxin entering the Stomach. Red halo in the center, black on four sides indicates extreme heat. Tongue red like insect bites indicates Fire flourishing. Large red spots on the tongue indicate Stomach heat with dampness. White spots on a red tongue indicate Pericardium pathogen. Black tip on a red tongue indicates Kidney deficiency. Black spots on a red tongue indicate Stomach heat. Dry cracks on a red tongue indicate Liver heat. Swollen and ulcerated red tongue indicates Damp-heat entering the Spleen. White blisters on a red tongue indicate Fire flourishing. Purple sores on the tongue indicate Fire stagnation. Red points on the tongue indicate Fire flaming. Tender red tongue looking moist but feeling dry upon touch indicates death due to fluid exhaustion from improper sweating and purging.
Jiang tongue (deep red) indicates Heat entering the Blood level. Jiang tongue with white/yellow coating indicates residual Qi-level pathogen. Dry center of Jiang tongue indicates Heart and Stomach Fire flourishing. Jiang tongue appearing dry but feeling moist indicates Yin deficiency with excessive Damp-Heat about to cloud the Pericardium. Sticky Jiang tongue indicates turbid pathogens. Bright Jiang tongue indicates loss of Stomach fluids. Dry Jiang tongue indicates Fire pathogen damaging Ying level. Yellow/white fragmented spots on Jiang tongue indicate impending dental gangrene. Dry and shrunken Jiang tongue indicates Kidney Yin exhaustion; two out of ten cases can be saved. Dry and Jiang tip indicates Heart Fire flourishing. Jiang bottom with white coating indicates Damp-Heat suppression. Dry tongue at onset with clear spirit indicates support Righteous Qi and expel pathogen. (If spirit is confused, it is untreatable.) Jiang edges with white powdery slippery center indicate pathogen at Exterior. Inability to extend Jiang tongue indicates Phlegm obstructing tongue root. Red tongue indicates Interior heat. Purple-dark and moist tongue indicates Blood stasis with heat. Swollen purple tongue indicates alcohol toxicity. Purple-dark and dry tongue indicates Liver and Stomach exhaustion. Purple-black tongue indicates Yin cold. Purple tongue with red dots, dry yellow tint, or shortening all indicate Heat toxin. Pale purple with cyan and slippery indicates Yin cold. Purple with gray-black slippery coating indicates pathogen damaging Blood level. Dry purple like cooked pig liver indicates death.
Black and moist coating without fever/thirst indicates Yin cold; warm treatment is indicated. Dry black coating indicates Heat disease. Slippery black coating with fever indicates Summerheat. Dry thorns on black coating: if base is red after scraping, survival; if black, death; if regrows, death. Cyan coating indicates extreme cold. Retracted, dry, black tongue indicates Heat disease. Black coating in winter indicates death. Black and rotting tongue indicates Heart and Kidney exhaustion. Black root, white tip indicates Stomach Fire attacking Kidney. Black root, red tip indicates Kidney pathogen. White coating with black spots indicates Stomach heat. Black and contracted tongue indicates Liver exhaustion. Black with purple blisters indicates Liver exhaustion. One dry black line in center, white/yellow on sides indicates Lianggan syndrome (simultaneous exterior/interior infection). One moist black line in center, white on sides indicates Exterior and Interior deficiency. Black with red indicates Kidney deficiency with pathogen. Half black/half yellow, or half yellow/half white, or dry center/moist edge, or dry tip/moist root indicates transmitted and combined pathogen. Red tongue with several black streaks indicates Yin syndrome. Red outside, black inside indicates extreme heat. White outside/black inside, or yellow outside/black inside all indicate extreme heat.
Gray-black tongue indicates Yin pathogen. Dry gray-black coating indicates Heat transmitting to Interior. Thin and moist gray coating indicates Yin cold. Gray-yellow cracked coating indicates Heat disease. Black halo in gray coating indicates pathogen entering Kidney. Gray-black center, slightly red sides indicates pathogen entering Large Intestine. Heat toxin transmitting internally once shows one layer of gray-black halo; twice or thrice shows two to three layers; untreatable. Gray tongue without coating at onset indicates cold, food, phlegm, and water. Improper sweating/purging in cold-damp with unobstructed urination/defecation, gray-black slippery or dry tongue, indicates deficient Fire flaming upward. White coating gradually turning black in center indicates Heat transmitting to Interior. Red coating gradually turning black indicates critical Heat disease. Soy-sauce colored tongue indicates cold-damp complicated by food retention.
Stiff tongue difficult to move is critical. Dry, rough, cracked, thorny tongue is critical. Tongue shrunk like dried lychee meat is critical. Mirror-like tongue without coating indicates Stomach exhaustion. Human-character pattern on tongue indicates death. Blue tongue indicates Liver exhaustion. Tongue protruding several inches is critical. Tongue protruding and unable to retract indicates extreme heat. Tongue retracted into throat, unable to speak indicates extreme cold. Short tongue indicates retained food, critical. Swollen tongue indicates extreme heat; urgent bloodletting with bi stone is needed. Hard tongue indicates Phlegm, critical. Withered and shrunken tongue indicates Heart exhaustion; thin and long tongue also indicates Heart exhaustion. Biting tongue indicates death. Trembling tongue is critical. Retracted tongue with confusion is critical. Sweating without flow, retracted tongue indicates death. Protruding tongue in Shanghan indicates death.