（齐光禄大夫褚澄）
男女之合，二精交畅，阴血先至，阳精后冲，血开裹精，精入为骨，而男形成矣；阳精
先入，阴血后参，精开裹血，血入居本，而女形成矣。阳气聚面，故男子面重，溺死者必伏
；阴气聚背，故女子背重，溺死者必仰。走兽溺死，仰伏皆然。阴阳均至，非男非女之身，
精血散分，骈胎、品胎之兆。父少母老，产女必羸；母壮父衰，生男必弱。古之良工，首察
乎此，受气偏瘁，与之补之。补羸女则养血壮脾，补弱男则壮脾节色。羸女宜及时而嫁，弱
男宜待壮而婚。此疾外所务之本，不可不察也。
（马益卿先生）
论曰∶胎教、产图之书，不可谓之迂而不加信，然亦不可狎泥之。方今俚俗之家，与不
正之属，将息避忌，略不如仪。或药毒不侑，或产于风露。既无产厄，子母均安固有之，如
不利嗣续，或侨居太甚，却动必成咎。虽邻家有所兴修，亦且犯其胎气，令儿破形殒命。如
刀犯者，形必伤；泥犯者，窍必塞；打击者，色青黯；系缚者，相拘挛。诸如此等，验如
返掌，福善祸淫，殆不可晓。
有泰初、有泰始，浑沌一判。既见气矣，故曰泰初；既立形矣，故曰泰始。气初形始，
天地相因，生生化化，品物彰矣。故曰∶大哉干元，万物资始；至哉坤元，万物资生（吴
注云∶浑沌未判，则气形俱泯；浑沌既判，则气形已分。既见气矣，是为泰初；既立形矣，
是为泰始。泰初者，凡有气之所本，故天得之以统元气。泰始者，凡有形之所本，故地得之
以统元气。天地交泰，相因为气形。生生而生者，得所以生；化化而化者，得所以化。品
物流形，而形色，名声者彰矣。大哉干元，泰初之所寓也，故以万物之资始为言。至哉坤元
，泰始之所寓也，故以万物资生为言。惟万物资始，生于乾坤，故干元则兆象。至哉坤元，
然后形无不成）。有生之初虽阳，予之正育而充之，必阴为之主（薛左丞注∶《阴阳离合论》
曰∶天覆地载，万物方生，未出地者，命曰阴处，名曰阴中之阴；则出地者，命曰阴中之阳
。阳予之正，阴为之主。王冰谓阳施正气，万物方生；阴为主持，群形乃立。《字说》∶始
而生之春，天地也；育而充之者，人也）。因形移易，日改月化，无非坤道之代终也（《列子
·周穆篇》严文先生曰∶因形移易，谓之化。《庄子·田子方篇》混元曰∶消息满虚，一晦
一明，日改月化，日有所为，而莫见其功。《易》坤卦文言曰∶地道无成，而代有终也。地
之承天，其弗成而有终也。岂迫于不得已耶！盖道之所在，万物失之则死，逆之则有生之类
，听命于此。故无成而代有终者，以道言之也）。谓之妊，阳既受始，阴壬之也（壬子谓之
妊。《字说》壬，一阳也，二阴也。阳既受始，阴壬之而谓之妊。解曰∶壬，阳水之壬也。
位在亥子之间，阴至亥极矣。阳复受胎，而谓之妊于壬至子然后生）。谓之胞，巳为正阳，
阴包之也（巳，正阳也，而阴能包之，阴与阳更用事故也。巳者，孟夏之月，于卦为干，纯
阳用事，故《诗》谓之正月。正月者，正阳之月也。阴方用事，而为物之主，则虽正阳，亦
在所包而退听焉）。谓之胚，未成器，犹之坯也（《说文》瓦未烧者，谓之坯。胚，妇孕一月
也。《字说》坯未成为器，犹坯也）。谓之胎也，既食于母为口以也。（《说文》胎，妇孕二
月也。《字说》元胎既食于母，为口以焉）若娠，则以时动也。（《字说》女娠以时动）若怀
，则以身根据之也。（《字说》心所怀，则身根据焉，目隶焉）天之德，地之气，阴阳之至和，
相与流薄于一体。（《灵枢经》曰∶天之在我者德，地之在我者气，德流气薄而生者也）唯
能顺时数，谨人事，勿动而伤，则生育之道德矣。（自一月积之至于十月所谓时数也。保
卫辅翼有其道，防闲忌慎适其宜，所谓人事也。）观四序之运，生、长、收、藏，贷出万物
，有仪则咸备。而天地之气，未始或亏者，盖阴阳相养以相济也。（《阴阳离合论》曰∶天覆
地载，万物方生，阳予之正，阴为之主。故生因春，长因夏，收因秋，藏因冬。失常则天地
四塞。《庄子·天地篇》曰∶流动而生物，物生成理，谓之形。形体保神各有仪，则谓之生。）
昧者曾不知此，乃欲拂自然之理，谬为求息之术。方且推生死于五行，蕲补养于药石，以伪
胜真，以人助天，虽或有子，孕而不育，育而不寿者众矣。昔人论年老有子者，男不过尽八
八，女不过尽七七。则知气血在人，固自有量，夫岂能逃阴阳之至数哉。（《天真论》帝曰∶
有其年已老而有子者，何也？岐伯曰∶此其天寿过度，气脉常通，而肾气有余也。此虽有子，
男不过尽八八，女不过尽七七，而天地之精气皆竭矣。注∶虽老而生子，子寿亦不能过天癸
之数。）
（齐光禄大夫褚澄）
男女交合，两精交融通畅。若阴血先至，阳精随后冲击，血液张开包裹精液，精液进入成为骨骼的基础，男性胎儿便形成了；若阳精先入，阴血随后参入，精液张开包裹血液，血液进入居于根本位置，女性胎儿便形成了。阳气聚集于面部，所以男子面部较重，溺水死亡时身体必然俯卧；阴气聚集于背部，所以女子背部较重，溺水死亡时身体必然仰卧。走兽溺水死亡，无论仰卧还是俯卧都是如此。阴阳之气同时到达，既非男也非女的身体，精血分散分布，这是双胎、多胎的征兆。父亲年轻母亲年老，所生女儿必定瘦弱；母亲强壮父亲衰弱，所生儿子必定虚弱。古代高明的医生，首先观察这一点，若受气偏颇导致体弱，就给予补益。补益瘦弱的女子要养血壮脾，补益虚弱的男子要健脾节制房色。瘦弱的女子适宜及时出嫁，虚弱的男子适宜等到身体强壮后再婚娶。这是治疗疾病外在表现的根本，不可不仔细考察。
（马益卿先生）
论述说：关于胎教、产图的书籍，不能说它们迂腐而不加相信，但也不可轻率地拘泥于它们。当今市井百姓之家，以及行为不正的人家，在调养和避忌方面，大致都不符合礼仪规范。有的用药不当或有毒物辅助，有的在风露中分娩。如果没有生产时的灾厄，母子平安本是常事，但如果不利于子嗣延续，或者侨居之地过于偏僻，一旦有所惊动必然造成祸患。即使是邻居家有所兴修建造，也会触犯胎气，导致胎儿畸形甚至丧命。如被刀斧所犯，形体必然受伤；被泥土所犯，七窍必然闭塞；遭受打击者，肤色青黑；被捆绑束缚者，肢体拘挛抽搐。诸如此类的情形，验证起来易如反掌，福善祸淫的道理，大概难以知晓。
有泰初、有泰始之分，混沌一经分辨便有了界限。既然见到了气，所以称为泰初；既然确立了形，所以称为泰始。气之初现，形之始立，天地相互依存，生生不息，万物才得以彰显。所以说：伟大啊乾元，万物依靠它开始生成；至极啊坤元，万物依靠它获得滋养。（吴注云：混沌未分辨时，气和形都泯灭；混沌既已分辨，气和形已经分离。既然见到了气，这就是泰初；既然确立了形，这就是泰始。泰初，是所有有气的根本，所以天依靠它统领元气。泰始，是所有有形的根本，所以地依靠它统领元气。天地交泰，互为因果形成气和形。生生不息而生成者，得到了生的道理；化化不已而变化者，得到了化的道理。万物流动成形，形色名声也就彰显了。伟大啊乾元，是泰初所寄托的，所以用万物资始来言说。至极啊坤元，是泰始所寄托的，所以用万物资生来言说。只有万物资始，生于乾坤，所以乾元显现兆象。至极啊坤元，然后形体没有不成就的。）生命初始虽然属阳，给予正气养育并充实它，必然由阴来主导（薛左丞注：《阴阳离合论》说：天覆地载，万物方才生长，未出地面的，命为阴处，名为阴中之阴；出了地面的，命为阴中之阳。阳给予正气，阴作为主导。王冰认为阳施予正气，万物方才生长；阴作为主持，各种形体才确立。《字说》：始而生之春，是天地的作用；育而充之者，是人的作用）。随着形体移动变化，日改月化，无非是坤道替代终结的过程（《列子·周穆篇》严文先生说：随着形体移动变化，叫做化。《庄子·田子方篇》混元说：消长满虚，一暗一明，日改月化，每日有所作为，却看不见它的功效。《易经》坤卦文言说：地道没有成就，而是替代有终。大地承天，不成而有终。难道是迫不得已吗！大概是道的所在，万物失去它则死，违背它则有生之类，听命于此。所以无成而代有终，是从道的角度说的）。称为妊，阳已经接受起始，阴壬之（壬子称为妊。《字说》壬，一阳二阴。阳已经接受起始，阴壬之而称为妊。解释：壬，是阳水的壬。位在亥子之间，阴气到亥极盛。阳气再次受胎，而在壬至子之后才出生）。称为胞，巳为正阳，阴包裹它（巳，是正阳，而阴能包裹它，阴与阳交替使用事物的缘故。巳，是孟夏之月，在卦象为干，纯阳当令，所以《诗经》称为正月。正月，是正阳之月。阴方才当令，作为万物的主宰，那么虽然是正阳，也在所包容而退让听从）。称为胚，尚未形成器官，就像坯土一样（《说文解字》瓦器未烧制的，称为坯。胚，妇女怀孕一个月。《字说》坯未成为器物，就像坯一样）。称为胎，已经进食于母体以口摄取营养（《说文解字》胎，妇女怀孕两个月。《字说》元胎已经进食于母，通过口摄取）。若娠，则是按时而动（《字说》女娠按时而动）。若怀，则是以身依据它（《字说》心所怀，则身依据焉，目隶焉）。天的德，地的气，阴阳的最高和谐，共同流薄于一体（《灵枢经》说：天在我身上的德，地在我身上的气，德流气薄而生存）。只有能够顺应时数，谨慎人事，不要动荡而受伤，那么生育的道德就具备了。（自一月积累至于十月所谓时数。保卫辅翼有其道，防闲忌慎适其宜，所谓人事也。）观察四季的运行，生、长、收、藏，贷出万物，仪则都已具备。而天地之气，未曾有过亏损的，大概是因为阴阳相互滋养以相济助（《阴阳离合论》说：天覆地载，万物方才生长，阳给予正气，阴作为主导。所以生因春，长因夏，收因秋，藏因冬。失常则天地四塞。《庄子·天地篇》说：流动而生物，物生成理，叫做形。形体保神各有仪，则叫做生。）愚昧的人竟然不知道这些，反而想要违背自然的道理，荒谬地追求休息的方法。并且将生死推给五行，祈求补养于药石，以伪胜真，以人助天，虽然或许有子，但怀孕而不养育，养育而不长寿的人很多了。古人论述年老有子的人，男子不超过尽八八之数，女子不超过尽七七之数。就知道气血在人身上，本来自有定数，难道能逃脱阴阳的极致之数吗？（《天真论》黄帝问：有人年纪已老却有子，为什么呢？岐伯说：这是因为他的天寿过度，气脉常通，而肾气有余。这虽然有子，男子不过尽八八，女子不过尽七七，而天地精气都竭尽了。注：虽然老而生子，子的寿命也不能超过天癸的数目。）
(Chu Cheng, Grand Master of the Court of the Qi Dynasty)
When male and female unite, their two essences blend smoothly. If yin blood arrives first and yang essence follows to strike, the blood opens to wrap the essence; the essence enters to form the foundation of bone, and the male fetus is formed. If yang essence enters first and yin blood subsequently participates, the essence opens to wrap the blood; the blood enters to reside in the root, and the female fetus is formed. Yang qi gathers at the face, therefore men have heavier faces; those who drown by water must lie prone. Yin qi gathers at the back, therefore women have heavier backs; those who drown by water must lie supine. For quadrupeds drowning, both postures occur. When yin and yang arrive equally, a body that is neither male nor female results; when essence and blood are scattered and divided, this is the sign of twin or multiple fetuses. If the father is young and the mother old, the daughter born will surely be frail; if the mother is strong and the father weak, the son born will surely be weak. Ancient skilled physicians first observe this: if the received qi is biased leading to weakness, they provide supplementation. To supplement a frail woman, one nourishes blood and strengthens the Spleen; to supplement a weak man, one strengthens the Spleen and regulates sexual activity. Frail women should marry in due time; weak men should wait until they are robust before marrying. This is the root of treating external manifestations of disease and cannot be neglected.
(Ma Yiqing)
It is stated: Books on prenatal education (Taijiao) and birth diagrams should not be dismissed as pedantic and ignored, yet they should not be rigidly adhered to either. Currently, among common folk and those of improper conduct, rest and taboos are largely disregarded. Some use inappropriate or toxic medicines; some give birth exposed to wind and dew. If there are no complications during childbirth, safety for both mother and child is natural. However, if it hinders lineage continuation, or if residing in a remote area causes disturbances upon movement, disaster will inevitably follow. Even if neighbors undertake construction, it may disturb fetal qi, causing deformity or death to the fetus. Injury by blades leads to physical damage; injury by mud blocks the orifices; injury by blows results in dark discoloration; binding leads to contracture. Such cases are easily verified. The principle of rewarding goodness and punishing wickedness is indeed incomprehensible.
There is Taichu (Primordial Qi) and Taishi (Primordial Form). Once chaos is differentiated, boundaries appear. Since Qi is seen, it is called Taichu; since Form is established, it is called Taishi. Qi appears first, Form follows; Heaven and Earth rely on each other, generating endlessly, so all things become manifest. Thus it is said: Great is Qianyuan (Primal Creative Force), by which all things begin; Supreme is Kunyuan (Primal Receptive Force), by which all things are nurtured. (Wu's commentary: Before chaos differentiates, Qi and Form are obliterated; after differentiation, Qi and Form are separated. Seeing Qi constitutes Taichu; establishing Form constitutes Taishi. Taichu is the root of all Qi, thus Heaven uses it to govern Primal Qi. Taishi is the root of all Form, thus Earth uses it to govern Primal Qi. Heaven and Earth interact mutually forming Qi and Form. Those who generate obtain the way of generation; those who transform obtain the way of transformation. All things flow into form, and their shapes, colors, and reputations become manifest. Great is Qianyuan, embodied in Taichu, hence speaking of all things beginning from it. Supreme is Kunyuan, embodied in Taishi, hence speaking of all things being nurtured by it. Only through Qianyuan do things begin, born of Heaven and Earth, so Qianyuan shows signs. Supreme is Kunyuan, then no form remains unformed.) At the beginning of life, although Yang is present, providing righteous energy to nurture and fill it requires Yin to take the lead. (Xue Zuocheng's commentary: *Yin-Yang Lihe Lun* states: Heaven covers and Earth bears, all things begin to grow. Not yet out of the earth, it is called Yin place, named Yin within Yin; once out of the earth, it is called Yin within Yang. Yang provides righteousness, Yin acts as master. Wang Bing says Yang imparts righteous energy, all things begin to grow; Yin acts as host, various forms stand. *Zishuo*: Spring begins and generates, this is Heaven and Earth; nurturing and filling is human action.) Through form changes, day alters and month transforms, nothing but the Dao of Kun replacing and completing cycles. (*Liezi · Zhou Mu Pian*, Mr. Yan Wen says: Changing with form is called transformation. *Zhuangzi · Tianzi Fang Pian*, Hunyuan says: Waning and waxing, full and empty, dark and bright, day alters and month transforms, daily acting yet unseen efficacy. *I Ching* Kun Hexagram Commentary says: The Way of Earth achieves nothing but replaces to complete ends. Earth receives Heaven, achieving nothing yet completing ends. Is it forced? No. It is where the Dao lies; losing it means death, opposing it allows living beings to listen to its command. Thus, achieving nothing but replacing to complete ends, speaks of the Dao.) Called Ren (Pregnancy), Yang has received the start, Yin rens it. (Renzhi is called Ren. *Zishuo*: Ren is one Yang, two Yins. Yang has received the start, Yin rens it to be called Ren. Explanation: Ren is Yang Water. Position between Hai and Zi, Yin reaches extreme at Hai. Yang conceives again, and is called Ren at Ren to Zi before birth.) Called Bao (Womb/Embryo), Si is correct Yang, wrapped by Yin. (Si is correct Yang, yet Yin wraps it, due to Yin and Yang alternating functions. Si is early summer month, trigram Qian, pure Yang in charge, hence *Shijing* calls it Zhengyue. Zhengyue is the month of correct Yang. Yin is just taking charge, becoming master of things, so even correct Yang is wrapped and yields.) Called Pei (Germ), organs not yet formed, like unfired clay. (*Shuowen Jiezi*: Unfired pottery is called Pi. Pei is one month of pregnancy. *Zishuo*: Pi not yet formed into vessel, like Pi.) Called Tai (Fetus), having fed on mother via mouth. (*Shuowen Jiezi*: Tai is two months of pregnancy. *Zishuo*: Yuan Tai feeds on mother, via mouth.) If Shen (Pregnant), it moves according to time. (*Zishuo*: Female Shen moves according to time.) If Huai (Carrying), the body relies on it. (*Zishuo*: What heart holds, body relies on, eyes follow.) Heaven's virtue, Earth's Qi, the highest harmony of Yin and Yang, flow together into one body. (*Lingshu Jing* says: Heaven's virtue in us, Earth's Qi in us, virtue flows and Qi presses, thus life arises.) Only by following time numbers and carefully managing human affairs, avoiding disturbance and injury, can the morality of reproduction be achieved. (Accumulating from one month to ten months is time number. Protecting and assisting has its way, preventing and cautioning fits appropriateness, this is human affairs.) Observing the movement of four seasons, birth, growth, harvest, storage, lending all things, instruments and rules are complete. Heaven and Earth's Qi never diminishes, likely because Yin and Yang nourish and assist each other. (*Yin-Yang Lihe Lun* says: Heaven covers and Earth bears, all things begin to grow, Yang provides righteousness, Yin acts as master. Thus birth depends on Spring, growth on Summer, harvest on Autumn, storage on Winter. Losing order seals Heaven and Earth. *Zhuangzi · Tian Di Pian* says: Flowing generates things, things generate principles, called Form. Form protects Spirit, each has ritual, called Life.) Ignorant people do not know this, instead trying to defy natural principles, absurdly seeking methods of rest. They push life and death to Five Elements, seek nourishment from herbs and minerals, using falsehood to defeat truth, human effort to help Heaven. Although some may have children, many are conceived but not raised, or raised but not long-lived. Ancients discussed elderly parents having children: men do not exceed 8x8 years, women do not exceed 7x7 years. Thus knowing Qi and Blood in humans have fixed limits, how can they escape the ultimate numbers of Yin and Yang? (*Tianzhen Lun*: Emperor asks: Why do old people have children? Qibo answers: Their natural longevity exceeds normal, Qi channels are open, Kidney Qi is surplus. Though they have children, men do not exceed 8x8, women do not exceed 7x7, and Heaven-Earth essence is exhausted. Note: Though old people bear children, the child's lifespan cannot exceed the number of Tian Gui.)