巢氏云∶夫小儿瘭疮者，为风热毒瓦斯所乘，搏于皮肤，乃生瘭浆，溃而成疮，故名曰瘭疮也。汤氏牛黄散、淋洗方
治之。又有瘭疽之发有数种，先作点而后露骨，小者如粟如豆，剧者如梅如李，赤黑青白、色变不常，或生口齿，或肚
脐，或背臀，发无定处，大概多见于手指之间，根深入肌，走臂游肿，毒血流注，贯串筋脉，烂肉见骨，出血极多，令
人狂言烦躁嗳闷，皆毒瓦斯攻心之候也。南星、半夏、白芷末敷之，用药先洗而后敷之甚佳。其诸疗理，推展痈疽法度行
之，皂角血余等药尤佳。
牛黄散 见第三十七问。
三黄真珠散 治疳积壮热，生敛淫疮，俗呼为溜，脓水流处，便湿烂成疮。此证当内服消食退疳积之药，后用
此。
松香 五倍子 黄连 黄丹 海螵蛸（各三钱） 轻粉 雄黄（各少许）
上七味并为细末，疮干则以香油调敷，湿以干掺，先以莹肌散煎洗，然后用此药。
莹肌散 洗疮。
赤芍药 防风 苦参 薄荷 甘草（身） 刘寄奴 黄柏
上等分煎汤，洗去患处宿脓，后以前三黄散末掺疮上，三、二度即成痂而愈，或只服化毒丹。
汤氏云∶凡小儿斑疮之候，乃天行时气，热不能解，蕴积于胃，而胃主肌肉，毒瓦斯熏发于肌肉，状如蚊子所啮，乃
成斑毒也。赤者十生一死，黑者十死一生。此症与斑症不同，发斑乃如锦纹，有空缺处，如云头之状；麻症乃遍身，无
空缺处，但疏密之不同，分轻重耳。黄连杏仁汤，治婴孩受邪，热甚作麻疹之症，其疮渐出，咳嗽烦闷，呕逆清水，眼
赤咽喉，口舌生疮，宜服此以解之。又有黄芩知母汤，治小儿麻症，催出得疮，斑烂瘾疹如锦纹，或白脓者，腥臭不能
干，心胸渴闷，呕吐清水，身体温热不时，宜进此以治之。起初疑似之间，可服升麻汤；头痛热甚者，可服柴胡升麻汤，
化斑汤、羌活散、蝉蜕饮皆可。又有发热一、二日，而出水泡即消者，名为水痘。但用轻剂解之，即便痊可，羌活散、
升麻消毒饮主之，麦煎散亦可服，又可服大连翘汤以解利之。活人用黄连橘皮汤治温毒发斑，可治出麻作泻，服此下利
当先止，与黄连杏仁汤同，但多制浓朴、甘草耳。
麻症始终宜服麻黄汤表。
斑症可下不可表。
痘症表下俱不可。
黄连杏仁汤 治孩童受邪热候，作成麻痘之症，其疮渐出，咳嗽烦闷，呕逆清水，眼赤咽喉，口舌生疮，作泻。
黄连（一两） 陈皮 杏仁（去皮尖，麸炒） 麻黄（去节） 枳壳（去瓤、麸炒） 葛根（各半两）
上锉散，每服三钱，水煎服。作泻者加浓朴、甘草。
黄芩知母汤 治小儿五脏邪热，作成麻症，疮出斑烂瘾疹如锦纹，或白脓水腥臭不干，心胸闭闷，呕吐清水，
身体温壮不时，宜服之。
葛根 陈皮 杏仁（去皮尖） 麻黄（去节） 知母 黄芩 甘草（各半两）
上锉散，每服二钱，水一盏，煎半盏，去滓服。不呕逆，去陈皮加芍药，如吐则用之。
升麻汤 见第五十二问。
柴胡升麻汤 见第五十二问升麻汤。
化斑汤 见第九十五问。
羌活散 见第二十问人参羌活散。
蝉蜕饮 见第二十问蝉蜕钩藤饮。
消毒饮 见第九十六问。
麦煎散 见第五十四问。
黄连橘皮汤 见第九十五问。
巢元方说：所谓小儿瘭疮，是由于风热毒气侵袭人体，搏结于皮肤，从而产生瘭浆，溃破后形成疮疡，因此命名为瘭疮。汤氏牛黄散及淋洗方可以治疗此病。另外，瘭疽的发病有几种类型，起初表现为斑点而后露出骨骼，小的像粟米或豆子，严重的像梅子或李子，颜色呈现赤、黑、青、白等变化无常，有时生于口齿之间，有时生于肚脐，有时生于背部和臀部，发作部位不固定，大概多见于手指之间，病根深陷入肌肉，沿手臂游走肿胀，毒血流注，贯穿筋脉，导致肌肉腐烂见骨，出血极多，使人出现胡言乱语、烦躁不安、嗳气闷塞等症状，这都是毒气攻心的征候。可用南星、半夏、白芷研末外敷，用药时先清洗患处再敷药效果很好。其各种治疗原理，参照痈疽的治疗法则进行，使用皂角、血余炭等药物尤其好。
牛黄散 参见第三十七问。
三黄真珠散 治疗疳积引起的壮热，以及生敛淫疮（俗称“溜”），脓水流淌之处，便会潮湿糜烂成疮。此证应当内服消食退疳积的药物，之后再使用本方。
松香、五倍子、黄连、黄丹、海螵蛸（各三钱）、轻粉、雄黄（各少许）。
以上七味药捣为细末，若疮口干燥则用香油调匀外敷，若疮口湿润则直接干撒药粉，先用莹肌散煎水清洗，然后再用此药。
莹肌散 用于清洗疮疡。
赤芍药、防风、苦参、薄荷、甘草（生）、刘寄奴、黄柏。
以上药物等分煎汤，清洗去除患处宿存的脓液，然后用前三黄散的药粉撒在疮面上，两三次后即可结痂痊愈，或者只服用化毒丹。
汤氏说：凡是小儿斑疮的症状，属于天行时气（流行性传染病），热邪不能解除，蕴积在胃中，而胃主司肌肉，毒气熏蒸发越于肌肉，症状如同蚊子叮咬一般，从而形成斑毒。红色者十人中有九人生还一人死亡，黑色者十人中有九人死亡一人生还。此症与斑症不同，发斑如同锦缎上的花纹，有空缺处，形状如云头；麻症则遍布全身，没有空缺处，只是疏密程度不同，以此区分轻重。黄连杏仁汤，治疗婴儿感受邪气，热势严重引发麻疹症状，疮疹逐渐发出，伴有咳嗽烦闷、呕吐清水、眼睛红赤、咽喉肿痛、口舌生疮，适宜服用此方以解之。又有黄芩知母汤，治疗小儿麻症，促使疮疹发出，出现斑烂瘾疹如锦纹，或有白色脓水腥臭不干，心胸渴闷，呕吐清水，身体温热不时，适宜进服此方以治疗。在起初疑似阶段，可服用升麻汤；头痛且热势严重者，可服用柴胡升麻汤，化斑汤、羌活散、蝉蜕饮都可以使用。又有发热一两天后，出水泡随即消退的，名为水痘。只需使用轻剂解表，即可痊愈，主要使用羌活散、升麻消毒饮，麦煎散也可以服用，还可以服用大连翘汤以解利毒邪。《活人书》用黄连橘皮汤治疗温毒发斑，可治疗出麻疹兼作腹泻，服用此方后下利应当先停止，该方与黄连杏仁汤相同，只是多加了制厚朴和甘草罢了。
麻症全程适宜服用麻黄汤发表。
斑症宜攻下而不宜发表。
痘症发表和攻下都不适宜。
黄连杏仁汤 治疗孩童感受邪热，形成麻痘症状，疮疹逐渐发出，伴有咳嗽烦闷、呕吐清水、眼睛红赤、咽喉肿痛、口舌生疮、腹泻。
黄连（一两）、陈皮、杏仁（去皮尖，麸炒）、麻黄（去节）、枳壳（去瓤、麸炒）、葛根（各半两）。
以上药材切碎成散剂，每次服用三钱，加水煎煮后服用。若有腹泻者，加浓朴、甘草。
黄芩知母汤 治疗小儿五脏邪热，形成麻症，疮疹发出呈斑烂瘾疹如锦纹，或有白色脓水腥臭不干，心胸闭闷，呕吐清水，身体温热不时，适宜服用。
葛根、陈皮、杏仁（去皮尖）、麻黄（去节）、知母、黄芩、甘草（各半两）。
以上药材切碎成散剂，每次服用二钱，加水一盏，煎至半盏，去渣服用。若无呕吐，去掉陈皮加芍药；如果有呕吐，则使用原方。
升麻汤 参见第五十二问。
柴胡升麻汤 参见第五十二问中的升麻汤。
化斑汤 参见第九十五问。
羌活散 参见第二十问中的人参羌活散。
蝉蜕饮 参见第二十问中的蝉蜕钩藤饮。
消毒饮 参见第九十六问。
麦煎散 参见第五十四问。
黄连橘皮汤 参见第九十五问。
Chao Yuanfang stated: The so-called "Biao Chuang" (Biao Sore) in children is caused by wind-heat toxic qi invading the body, knotting with the skin, thereby generating Biao blisters that ulcerate into sores, hence named Biao Chuang. Tang's Niuhuang San (Calculus Bovis Powder) and Linxi Fang (Washing Decoction) can treat this condition. Additionally, the onset of Biao Ju (Biao Carbuncle) has several types. Initially presenting as spots that later expose bone, small lesions resemble millet grains or beans, while severe ones resemble plums or peaches. Colors vary unpredictably among red, black, green, and white. They may appear in the mouth and teeth, navel, back, or buttocks, with no fixed location, but are mostly seen between fingers. The root penetrates deeply into muscles, spreading along the arm with swelling, toxic blood flows and injects through sinews and vessels, causing flesh to rot exposing bone, with excessive bleeding. This leads to delirious speech, irritability, belching, and stifling sensations, all signs of toxic qi attacking the heart. Arisaema Cum Bile (Nanxing), Pinellia Rhizome (Banxia), and Angelica Dahurica Root (Baizhi) should be ground into powder for external application. It is excellent to wash the affected area first before applying the medicine. Various treatment principles should follow the protocols for treating carbuncles and sores; using Sophora Flavescens Root (Zaoguo) and burnt hair (Xuyutao) is particularly effective.
Niuhuang San See Question 37.
Sanhuang Zhenzhu San (Three-Yellow Pearl Powder) treats high fever caused by infantile malnutrition (Gan accumulation) and the formation of Yin Chuang (Yin Sores), commonly called "Liu". Where pus flows, moisture causes erosion and sore formation. This condition requires internal administration of medicines to digest food and resolve Gan accumulation, followed by the use of this formula.
Pine Rosin (Songxiang), Chinese Gall Nut (Wubeizi), Coptis Rhizome (Huanglian), Lead Oxide (Huandan), Cuttlefish Bone (Haipiaoxiao) (each 3 qian), Calomel (Qingfen), Realgar (Xionghuang) (each a small amount).
Grind the above seven ingredients into fine powder. If the sore is dry, mix with sesame oil for topical application; if wet, sprinkle the dry powder directly. First wash with Yingji San decoction, then apply this medicine.
Yingji San Used for washing sores.
Red Peony Root (Chishaoyao), Saposhnikovia Root (Fangfeng), Sophora Flavescens Root (Kushen), Mint Herb (Bohe), Licorice Root (Gancao - raw), Artemisia Capillaris Herb (Liujinu), Phellodendron Bark (Huangbai).
Decoct equal parts of these herbs in water. Wash the affected area to remove old pus, then sprinkle the powder from Qiansan Huang San onto the sore. After two or three applications, it will scab and heal. Alternatively, only Huadu Dan may be taken.
Tang Shi stated: The symptoms of pediatric variola/rash diseases are due to epidemic seasonal pathogens where heat cannot be resolved, accumulating in the Stomach. Since the Stomach governs muscles, toxic qi steams and erupts into the muscles, resembling mosquito bites, thus forming Ban Du (Rash Toxin). Red lesions indicate nine survivors out of ten, while black lesions indicate one survivor out of ten. This condition differs from Ban Zheng (Rash Syndrome). Rash appears like brocade patterns with gaps, resembling cloud heads; Ma Zheng (Measles Syndrome) covers the whole body without gaps, differing only in density to distinguish severity. Huanglian Xingren Tang (Coptis and Apricot Kernel Decoction) treats infants who have contracted pathogenic factors, resulting in severe heat and measles symptoms. As sores gradually emerge, accompanied by cough, stifling sensation, vomiting clear fluid, red eyes, swollen throat, and mouth/tongue sores, this formula is suitable to resolve them. There is also Huangqin Zhimu Tang (Scutellaria and Anemarrhena Decoction) for pediatric measles, promoting eruption of sores presenting as rash-like brocade patterns or foul-smelling white pus that does not dry. Symptoms include chest/heart stifling and thirst, vomiting clear fluid, and intermittent fever. This formula is suitable for treatment. In the initial ambiguous stage, Shengma Tang (Cimicifuga Decoction) can be taken. For headache and severe heat, Chaihu Shengma Tang (Bupleurum and Cimicifuga Decoction), Huaban Tang (Resolve Rash Decoction), Qianghuo San (Notopterygium Powder), and Chantui Yin (Cicada Slough Drink) are all applicable. If fever lasts one or two days followed by the appearance and immediate disappearance of water blisters, it is named Shuidou (Water Pox). Light resolving agents suffice for recovery, primarily using Qianghuo San and Shengma Xiaodu Yin (Cimicifuga Detoxification Drink); Maijian San (Wheat Decoction) is also acceptable. Dalianqiao Tang (Large Forsythia Decoction) can also be taken to resolve and promote discharge. *Ren Shen* uses Huanglian Jupi Tang (Coptis and Tangerine Peel Decoction) to treat warm toxin causing rashes, which can treat measles accompanied by diarrhea. Taking this formula should stop the diarrhea first. It is similar to Huanglian Xingren Tang but contains more processed Magnolia Bark (Noupo) and Licorice Root (Gancao).
Ma Zheng (Measles Syndrome) throughout its course is suitable for Ma Huang Tang (Ephedra Decoction) to release the exterior.
Ban Zheng (Rash Syndrome) is suitable for purgation but not for releasing the exterior.
Dou Zheng (Smallpox/Pox Syndrome) is unsuitable for both releasing the exterior and purgation.
Huanglian Xingren Tang Treats children contracting pathogenic heat, forming measles/pox symptoms. Sores gradually emerge with cough, stifling sensation, vomiting clear fluid, red eyes, swollen throat, mouth/tongue sores, and diarrhea.
Coptis Rhizome (Huanglian) (1 liang), Tangerine Peel (Chenpi), Apricot Kernel (Xingren - peeled and tip removed, stir-baked with bran), Ephedra Stem (Mahuang - nodes removed), Bitter Orange (Zhike - pulp removed, stir-baked with bran), Kudzu Root (Gegen) (each half liang).
Crush into coarse powder. Take 3 qian per dose, decoct in water and drink. Add Magnolia Bark (Noupo) and Licorice Root (Gancao) if diarrhea is present.
Huangqin Zhimu Tang Treats child's five-zang pathogenic heat forming measles syndrome. Sores emerge as rash-like brocade patterns or foul-smelling white pus that does not dry. Symptoms include chest/stomach stifling, vomiting clear fluid, and intermittent fever. Suitable for taking this formula.
Kudzu Root (Gegen), Tangerine Peel (Chenpi), Apricot Kernel (Xingren - peeled and tip removed), Ephedra Stem (Mahuang - nodes removed), Anemarrhena Rhizome (Zhimu), Scutellaria Root (Huangqin), Licorice Root (Gancao) (each half liang).
Crush into coarse powder. Take 2 qian per dose, add one cup of water, decoct until half a cup remains, strain and drink. If no vomiting, remove Tangerine Peel and add White Peony Root (Shaoyao); if vomiting occurs, use the original formula.
Shengma Tang See Question 52.
Chaihu Shengma Tang See Shengma Tang in Question 52.
Huaban Tang See Question 95.
Qianghuo San See Ginseng Qianghuo San in Question 20.
Chantui Yin See Chantui Gouteng Yin in Question 20.
Xiaodu Yin See Question 96.
Maijian San See Question 54.
Huanglian Jupi Tang See Question 95.