形如刀豆，有两枚，一左一右。右为命门，乃男子藏精、女子系胞处也。位居下，背脊第十四椎，
对脐，附腰。
属水，旺于冬十、十一月，色主黑。咸味入肾。外通窍于耳。出汁液为津唾。在七情主欲，在身
主骨与齿。所藏者精，所恶者燥。
面色黑悴者，肾竭也，齿动而疼者，肾炎也。耳闭耳鸣
者，肾虚也。目睛内瞳子昏者，肾亏也。阳事痿而不举者，肾弱也。
肾有病，腰中痛，膝冷脚疼或痹，蹲起发昏，体重骨酸，脐下动风牵动，腰低屈难伸。
人以水谷为生，故脾胃为养生之本。故东垣《脾胃论》曰∶历观《内经》诸篇而参考之，则元气之
充足，皆由胃气无所伤，而后能滋养元气，一有所伤，而元气亦不能充，此诸病之所由生也。即如脏腑
脉候，无不皆有胃气，胃气若失，便是凶候。如凡气短气夺而声哑喘急者，此肺脏之胃气败也。神魂失
守，昏昧日甚，而畏寒异常者，此心脏之胃气败也。躁扰烦剧，囊缩茎强，而恐惧无已者，此肝胆之胃
气败也。胀满不能运，饮食不能入，肉脱，痰壅，而服药不应者，此脾脏之胃气败也。关门不能禁，水
泉不能化，热蒸不能退，骨痛之极不能解者，此肾脏之胃气败也。胃强则皆强，胃弱则皆弱。有胃气则生
，无胃气则死。所以察病者，必须先察胃气，凡治病者，必须常顾胃气，胃气无损，诸可无虑。
缪仲淳《经疏》曰∶脾为土脏，胃为之腑，乃后天元气之所自出。胃主纳，脾主消，脾亏则不能消，
胃弱则不能纳。饮食少，则后天元气无自而生，精血坐是不足也。《经》曰∶损其脾者，调其饮食，节其
起居，适其寒温。此至论也。然其要，一在戒暴怒，使肝无不平之气，肝木和，则不贼脾土矣。一在养
真火。命门者，火脏也，乃先天元气之
所寄，即道家所谓祖气，医家所谓真阳气、真相火也。此真阳真火，每当子后一阳生。生即上升，
过中焦、经脾胃则能腐熟水谷，蒸糟粕而化精微，脾气散精，上输于肺，通调水道，由膀胱气化
而出，是谓清升浊降，此无病之常也。常人之壮者有三∶一者禀赋原浓；二者保啬精神，不妄丧
失∶三者志气无所拂郁，则年虽迈而犹壮也。苟不慎摄生之道，多欲以伤肾，子后一阳不以时生
，不能上升腐化水谷，是火不生土，而脾胃因之日弱也。
又曰∶脾胃由寒湿生痰，或饮啖过度，好食油面猪脂，浓浓胶固，以致脾气不利，壅滞为患
。或不思食，或腹胀、泄泻，皆痰所为。
又曰∶脾虚渐成胀满，夜剧昼静，病属阴，当补脾阴；夜静昼剧，病属阳，当益脾气。
经脉篇曰∶胃中寒则胀满。
陈无择曰∶脾虚多病湿，内因酒面积多、过饮汤液、停滞腻物、烧炙膏粱过度。
形状像刀豆，共有两枚，一左一右。右侧的为命门，是男子藏精、女子系胞（子宫）的地方。位置在下，对应背部第十四椎骨，正对肚脐，附着在腰部。
肾属水，在冬季十月、十一月旺盛，颜色主黑。咸味入肾。外部通过耳窍相通。分泌的汁液称为津唾。在七情中主管欲望，在身体中主管骨骼与牙齿。所储藏的是精，所厌恶的是燥。
面色黑而憔悴的，是肾竭；牙齿松动且疼痛的，是肾炎；耳朵闭塞耳鸣的，是肾虚；眼球内部瞳孔昏暗的，是肾亏；性功能痿软不能举起的，是肾弱。
肾脏有病，腰部疼痛，膝盖发冷脚疼或出现痹症，蹲下站起时头晕，身体沉重骨头酸痛，肚脐下有风动牵拉感，腰背低垂弯曲难以伸直。
人依靠水谷来维持生命，所以脾胃是养生的根本。所以李东垣在《脾胃论》中说：遍观《内经》各篇并加以参考，那么元气的充足，都因为胃气没有受损，之后才能滋养元气，一旦有所损伤，元气也不能充盈，这就是各种疾病产生的原因。就像脏腑的脉象表现，无不都有胃气，如果失去胃气，就是凶险的征候。比如凡是气短气夺声音嘶哑喘息急促的，这是肺脏的胃气败坏。神魂失守，昏昧日益加重，并且异常畏寒的，这是心脏的胃气败坏。烦躁扰攘病情严重，阴囊收缩阴茎强直，并且恐惧不止的，这是肝胆的胃气败坏。腹胀满不能运化，饮食不能进入，肌肉消瘦，痰液壅盛，并且服药无效的，这是脾脏的胃气败坏。关门不能禁固，尿液不能化生，热蒸不能退去，骨痛至极不能缓解的，这是肾脏的胃气败坏。胃气强则全身皆强，胃气弱则全身皆弱。有胃气就能生存，无胃气就会死亡。所以诊察疾病的人，必须先诊察胃气，凡是治疗疾病的人，必须经常顾护胃气，胃气不受伤损，其他都可以不必担忧。
缪仲淳在《经疏》中说：脾为土脏，胃为其腑，是后天元气的来源。胃主受纳，脾主消化，脾亏损就不能消化，胃虚弱就不能受纳。饮食减少，那么后天元气就无法产生，精血因此不足。《内经》说：损伤了脾的，要调理饮食，节制起居，适应寒温。这是至理名言。然而其中的关键，一在于戒除暴怒，使肝没有不平之气，肝木调和，就不会克制脾土了。二在于养护真火。命门，是火脏，是先天元气寄托的地方，也就是道家所说的祖气，医家所说的真阳气、真相火。这个真阳真火，每当子时过后一阳初生。生发即向上运行，经过中焦、脾胃就能腐熟水谷，蒸化糟粕转化为精微，脾气散布精微，向上输送到肺，通调水道，由膀胱气化而出，这叫做清升浊降，这是无病时的常态。常人的强壮有三点：一是禀赋原本浓厚；二是保养吝啬精神，不妄自丧失；三是志气没有拂逆抑郁，那么年龄虽然大但仍然强壮。如果不谨慎摄生之道，多欲以损伤肾，子时后的一阳不能按时生发，不能上升腐化水谷，这就是火不生土，而脾胃因此日渐虚弱。
又说：脾胃因寒湿而生痰，或者饮食过度，喜好食用油面猪脂，浓稠胶固，导致脾气不利，壅滞成为病患。或者不想吃东西，或者腹胀、泄泻，都是痰造成的。
Shaped like a broad bean, there are two, one on the left and one on the right. The right one is Mingmen (Gate of Life), which is where men store essence and women connect to the uterus. It is located inferiorly, corresponding to the fourteenth thoracic vertebra on the back, opposite the umbilicus, attached to the waist.
The Kidney belongs to Water, flourishing in the tenth and eleventh months of winter, with black as its associated color. Salty flavor enters the Kidney. Externally, it connects through the orifice of the ear. Its secreted fluid is called Jinshuo (saliva and body fluids). Among the Seven Emotions, it governs Desire; within the body, it governs bones and teeth. What it stores is Jing (Essence); what it dislikes is Dryness.
A complexion that is dark and haggard indicates Kidney Exhaustion; loose and painful teeth indicate Kidney Inflammation; deafness and tinnitus indicate Kidney Deficiency; dimness of the pupils inside the eyes indicates Kidney Decline; impotence and inability to erect indicate Kidney Weakness.
When the Kidneys are diseased, there is pain in the waist, cold knees and painful legs or Bi Syndrome (obstruction syndrome), dizziness upon squatting and standing, heavy body and sore bones, wind-like pulling sensations below the umbilicus, and a bent lower back that is difficult to straighten.
Humans rely on water and grain for life, so the Spleen and Stomach are the foundation of health preservation. Therefore, Li Dongyuan stated in *Pi Wei Lun* (Treatise on the Spleen and Stomach): Having reviewed various chapters of *Nei Jing* (Inner Canon) and cross-referenced them, the sufficiency of Yuan Qi (Original Qi) depends entirely on the Stomach Qi being unharmed, after which it can nourish Yuan Qi. If harmed even slightly, Yuan Qi cannot be sufficient; this is how various diseases arise. Just as in the pulse signs of all Zang-Fu organs, none lack Stomach Qi; if Stomach Qi is lost, it is an ominous sign. For instance, shortness of breath, loss of voice, hoarseness, and rapid panting indicate the failure of Stomach Qi in the Lung organ. Loss of spirit and soul control, increasing confusion, and extreme aversion to cold indicate the failure of Stomach Qi in the Heart organ. Restlessness, severe agitation, retraction of the scrotum and rigidity of the penis, and endless fear indicate the failure of Stomach Qi in the Liver and Gallbladder organs. Abdominal distension and inability to transport, inability to ingest food, emaciation, phlegm congestion, and ineffectiveness of medication indicate the failure of Stomach Qi in the Spleen organ. Inability to control the gate (urinary/fecal sphincters), inability to transform urine, persistent steaming heat, and unbearable bone pain that cannot be relieved indicate the failure of Stomach Qi in the Kidney organ. When Stomach Qi is strong, everything is strong; when Stomach Qi is weak, everything is weak. With Stomach Qi, there is life; without Stomach Qi, there is death. Therefore, those who examine diseases must first examine Stomach Qi; those who treat diseases must always protect Stomach Qi. As long as Stomach Qi is not damaged, one need not worry about other matters.
Miao Zhongchun stated in *Jing Shu* (Commentary on the Classics): The Spleen is the Earth organ, and the Stomach is its Fu organ; they are the source of acquired Yuan Qi. The Stomach governs reception, and the Spleen governs digestion. If the Spleen is deficient, it cannot digest; if the Stomach is weak, it cannot receive. If dietary intake is reduced, acquired Yuan Qi has no source to generate, leading to insufficiency of Jing and Blood. The *Classic* states: "If the Spleen is damaged, regulate diet, moderate daily routine, and adapt to temperature changes." This is a supreme principle. However, the key lies in two aspects: First, abstain from violent anger so that the Liver has no stagnant Qi; when Liver Wood is harmonious, it will not attack Spleen Earth. Second, nurture True Fire. Mingmen is the Fire organ, the residence of congenital Yuan Qi, also known as Zu Qi (Ancestral Qi) in Daoism, and Zhen Yang Qi (True Yang Qi) or Zhen Xiang Huo (True Image Fire) in medicine. This True Yang and True Fire generates a surge of Yang every day after Zi hour (11 PM - 1 AM). Upon generation, it rises upward. Passing through the Middle Jiao and traversing the Spleen and Stomach, it can rot and ripen water and grain, steaming dregs into waste and transforming them into fine essences. The Spleen disperses these essences, sending them upward to the Lungs, regulating water passages, and expelling them via Qi transformation in the Bladder. This is called Clear Rising and Turbid Descending, which is the normal state in health. There are three reasons for the robustness of ordinary people: First, original endowment is thick; second, conserving and sparing Spirit, not wasting it recklessly; third, having aspirations free from frustration and depression, so even at an advanced age, one remains robust. If one does not carefully follow the way of health preservation, indulging desires damages the Kidneys, causing the Yang generated after Zi hour to fail to arise on time and rise to rot and transform water and grain. This is Fire failing to generate Earth, causing the Spleen and Stomach to become weaker day by day.
It is also said: Spleen and Stomach produce Phlegm due to Cold-Dampness, or due to excessive drinking and eating, especially a preference for oily noodles and lard, which become thick and sticky, causing Spleen Qi obstruction and stagnation to become pathological. Symptoms include lack of appetite, abdominal distension, or diarrhea, all caused by Phlegm.
It is also said: Spleen deficiency gradually leads to distension. If symptoms worsen at night and are quiet during the day, the disease belongs to Yin, and Spleen Yin should be tonified. If symptoms are quiet at night and worsen during the day, the disease belongs to Yang, and Spleen Qi should be benefited.
The Meridian Chapter states: Cold in the Stomach causes distension.
Chen Wuyue stated: Spleen deficiency often leads to Dampness diseases, internally caused by excessive alcohol consumption, overdrinking soups and liquids, stagnation of greasy foods, and excessive intake of roasted meats and rich grains.