味辛、甘，温、大温，有大毒。主大风，寒湿痹，历节痛，拘挛缓急，破积聚，邪气，
金创，强筋骨，轻身，健行。
疗头面风去来疼痛，心腹结积，关节重，不能行步，除骨间痛，长
作不倦，又堕胎。一名白幕。
生少室山谷。二月采根，阴干。
远志为之使，恶腐婢。今采用八月中旬。天雄似附子，细而长者便是，长者乃至三、四
寸许，此与乌头、附子三种，
本并出建平，谓为三建。今宜都 山最好，谓为西建。钱塘间者
相似，故曰西水犹胜东白也。
其用灰杀之时，有冰强者并不佳。
〔谨案〕天雄、附子、乌头等，并以蜀道绵州、龙州出者佳。余处纵有造得者，气力劣弱
，都不相似。江南来者，全不堪用。陶以三物俱出建平故名之，非也。按国语置堇于肉，注
云乌头也。《尔雅》云∶芨，堇草。郭注云∶乌头苗也，此物本出蜀汉，其本名堇，今讹为
建，遂以建平释之。又石龙芮
叶似堇草，故名水堇。今复说为水茛，亦作建音，此岂复生建平耶
言《本草音义》亦论之。天雄、
附子、侧子并同用八月采造。其乌头四月上旬，今云二月采，恐非时也。
味辛、甘，温、大热，有大毒。主风寒咳逆，邪气，温中，金创，破症坚积聚，血瘕，
寒湿 ，拘挛膝痛，不能
行走。疗脚疼冷弱，腰脊风寒，心腹冷痛，霍乱转筋，下痢赤白，
坚肌骨，强阴。又堕胎，为百药长。生犍为山谷及广汉。八月采为附子，春采为乌头。
地胆为之使，恶蜈蚣，畏防风、黑豆、甘草、黄 、人参、乌韭。附子以八月上旬采也，
八
热灰炮令拆，勿过焦，惟姜附汤生用之。俗方动用附子，皆须甘草，
或人参、干姜相配者，正以制其毒故也。
【天雄】
味辛、甘，性温或大温，有大毒。主治大风病，寒湿痹阻，历节痛（关节剧烈疼痛），拘挛与缓急（肌肉痉挛与弛缓），破除积聚邪气，治疗金创（金属利器造成的创伤），强壮筋骨，使身体轻健，增强行走能力。
治疗头面部风邪引起的游走性疼痛，心腹部的结块积聚，关节沉重，无法行走，消除骨间疼痛，长期服用不知疲倦，但会导致堕胎。又名白幕。
生长于少室山谷。二月采集根部，阴干。
远志为其引经药（使药），厌恶腐婢。现在采用八月中旬采集。天雄形状类似附子，细长者即为天雄，长的甚至有三四寸左右。这三种（天雄、乌头、附子）原本都出产于建平，被称为“三建”。现在宜都山出产的最好，被称为“西建”。钱塘地区出产的与之相似，所以说西建的水土条件胜过东建的白附子。
在使用石灰处理（杀其毒性）时，有冰片样结晶者并不好。
【考证】天雄、附子、乌头等，以蜀道绵州、龙州出产的为佳。其他地方即使制造出来，药效也微弱，完全不像正品。江南运来的，完全不堪使用。陶弘景因为这三物都出自建平而得名，这是错误的。按《国语》记载：“置堇于肉”，注解说堇就是乌头。《尔雅》说：“芨，是堇草。”郭璞注解说：乌头的苗叫芨。这种药物本出蜀汉，其本名叫堇，现在讹传为“建”，于是用建平来解释它。另外石龙芮的叶子像堇草，所以名叫水堇。现在又说成是水茛，读音也作“建”音，这难道又生在建平了吗？《本草音义》中也讨论过这个问题。天雄、附子、侧子都在八月采集制作。而乌头在四月上旬采集，现在说二月采集，恐怕不符合时令。
【附子】
味辛、甘，性温或大热，有大毒。主治风寒咳嗽气逆，邪气，温中焦，治疗金创，破除症坚积聚，血瘕（腹部积块），寒湿引起的膝部拘挛疼痛，无法行走。治疗脚疼冷弱，腰脊受风寒，心腹冷痛，霍乱转筋，下痢赤白，坚固肌肤骨骼，强壮阴精。又能堕胎，被誉为“百药长”。生长在犍为山谷及广汉。八月采集制成附子，春季采集制成乌头。
地胆为其引经药（使药），厌恶蜈蚣，畏惧防风、黑豆、甘草、黄芩、人参、乌韭。附子在八月上旬采集，用热的灰炮制使其裂开，不要烧得太焦，只有姜附汤需要生用。世俗方剂中动用附子，都必须配伍甘草，或者与人参、干姜相配合，正是为了制约它的毒性。
[Tianxiong (Heavenly Male)]
Pungent, sweet, warm or greatly warm, highly toxic. Primarily treats severe wind diseases, bi-syndrome caused by cold-dampness, li-jie pain (severe joint pain), spasms and flaccidity, breaks up accumulations and eliminates pathogenic factors, treats metal wounds, strengthens sinews and bones, lightens the body, and enhances locomotion.
Treats migratory pain in the head and face caused by wind, nodules and accumulations in the heart and abdomen, heaviness of joints, inability to walk, removes pain between the bones, allows for prolonged exertion without fatigue, but induces abortion. Also known as Baimu.
Grows in the valleys of Mount Shaoshi. Roots are harvested in the second lunar month and dried in the shade.
Polygala root (Yuanzhi) acts as an guiding herb; it dislikes Corchorus capsularis (Fubi). Currently, harvesting is done in the eighth lunar month. Tianxiong resembles Fuzi; the slender and long ones are identified as Tianxiong, with some reaching three or four cun in length. These three varieties—Tianxiong, Wutou, and Fuzi—all originally originated from Jianping and were referred to as the "Three Jians." Currently, those from Yidu Mountain are considered the best, termed "West Jian." Those from the Qiantang area are similar, hence it is said that West Jian surpasses East Bai [Fuzi]. When processing with lime to reduce toxicity, those with ice-like crystals are not desirable.
[Verification] Tianxiong, Fuzi, and Wutou are best when sourced from Mianzhou and Longzhou along the Shu Road. Even if produced elsewhere, their potency is weak and they do not resemble authentic specimens. Those from Jiangnan are completely unsuitable for use. Tao Hongjing named them based on the assumption that all three originate from Jianping, which is incorrect. According to the *Guoyu*, "placing Jin in meat," the annotation states that Jin refers to Wutou. The *Erya* states: "Ji is Jin grass." Guo Pu's annotation clarifies: "The sprout of Wutou is Ji." This herb originally came from Shu and Han regions; its original name was Jin, which later evolved into the pronunciation "Jian," leading to the interpretation using Jianping. Additionally, *Ranunculus japonicus* (Shilongrui) has leaves resembling Jin grass, thus named Shuijin (Water Jin). It is now also referred to as Shuilang, pronounced similarly to "Jian," raising the question of whether it grows in Jianping. This issue is also discussed in the *Bencao Yinyi*. Tianxiong, Fuzi, and Cizi are all harvested and processed in the eighth lunar month. However, Wutou is harvested in the early fourth lunar month; claiming harvest in the second lunar month is likely incorrect regarding the proper season.
[Fuzi (Lateral Root of Aconitum carmichaelii)]
Pungent, sweet, warm or greatly hot, highly toxic. Primarily treats cough and reverse qi due to wind-cold, eliminates pathogenic factors, warms the middle jiao, treats metal wounds, breaks up hard accumulations and blood masses (Xuejia), relieves knee spasms and pain caused by cold-dampness, and restores mobility. Treats cold weakness and pain in the feet, wind-cold affecting the waist and spine, cold pain in the heart and abdomen, cholera with muscle cramps, dysentery with red and white discharge, firms the muscles and bones, and strengthens Yin. It can also induce abortion and is regarded as the "Chief of Hundred Herbs." Grows in the valleys of Qianwei and Guanghan. Harvested in the eighth lunar month to produce Fuzi; harvested in spring to produce Wutou.
Bupleurum chinense (Dichang) acts as a guiding herb; it dislikes centipedes (Wugong); it fears Saposhnikovia divaricata (Fangfeng), black soybeans (Heidou), licorice (Gancao), Scutellaria baicalensis (Huangqin), ginseng (Renshen), and Allium victorialis (Wujiu). Fuzi is harvested in the early eighth lunar month, roasted in hot ashes until it cracks, being careful not to burn it too thoroughly. Only in Ginger-Fuzi Decoction (Jiangfu Tang) is it used raw. In common prescriptions, Fuzi must be combined with licorice, or paired with ginseng and dried ginger, precisely to mitigate its toxicity.