苦辛寒，无毒。
发明 地丁有紫花、白花二种。治疔肿恶疮，兼疗痈疽发背，无名肿毒。其花紫者茎白
，白者茎紫，故可通治疔肿，或云随疔肿之色而用之。但漫肿无头，不赤不肿者禁用，以其
性寒不利阴疽也。
酸涩，微毒。
发明 见肿消专消痈肿及狗咬，捣叶贴之。伤寒余毒发于耳前后，用此一握，同白芨、
白蔹、大黄、大蓟，苎根共捣成饼，入芒硝一钱，白蜜少许，和贴留头，干即易之。
《本经》名黄良，一名将军
苦寒，无毒。产川中者色如锦纹而润者良。若峻用
攻下生用。邪气在上，必用酒浸上引而驱热下行。破瘀血韭汁制。虚劳吐血，内有瘀积，韭
汁拌炒黑用之。大肠风秘燥结，皂荚、绿矾酒制。又尿桶中浸过，能散瘀血兼行渗道。妊娠
产后慎勿轻用。实热内结，势不可缓，酒蒸用之。凡服大黄，下药须与谷气相远，得谷气则
不行矣。
《本经》下瘀血，血闭，寒热，破症瘕积聚，留饮宿食，荡涤肠胃，推陈致新，通利
水谷，调中化食，安和五脏。
发明 大黄气味俱浓，沉降纯阴，乃脾胃太肠肝与三焦血分之药。凡病在五经血分者宜
之。若在气分者用之，是诛伐无过矣。其功专于行瘀血，导血闭，通积滞，破症瘕，消实热
，泻痞满，润燥结，敷肿毒，总赖推陈致新之功。《本经》与元素皆谓去留饮宿食者，以宿
食留滞中宫，久而发热，故用苦寒化热，宿食亦乘势而下。后世不察，以为大黄概能消食，
谬矣。盖胃性喜温恶湿，温之则宿食融化，寒之则坚滞不消，以其能荡涤肠胃，食积得以推
荡，然后谷气通利，中气调畅，饮食输化，五脏安和矣。若食在上脘，虽经发热，只须枳实
、黄连以消痞热，宿食自通。若误用大黄推荡不下，反致结滞不消，为害不浅。如泻心汤治
心气不足，吐血衄血者，乃包络肝脾之邪火有余也，虽曰泻心，实泻四经血中伏火也。仲景
治心下痞满，按之濡者，用大黄黄连泻心汤，此亦泻脾胃之湿热，非泻心也。若心下痞而复
恶寒汗出者，其人阳气本虚，加附子以温散之。病发于阴，而反下之，因作痞乃痰实与邪气
乘虚结于心下，故曰泻心，实泻脾也。病发于阳而反下之，则成结胸，以阳邪陷入阴分而结
于膈上。仲景大陷胸汤丸，皆用大黄、芒硝以泻血分之邪，而降其浊气也。若结胸在气分，
则用小陷胸汤。痞满在气分，则用半夏泻心汤矣。若病本阳邪或兼停食而攻发太过，正气消
乏，实结不解，拟欲攻之，而正气不能行其药力，则加人参于桃核承气汤中，以助硝黄之势
。如陶氏黄龙汤之制，乃先辈之成则也。盖大黄、芒硝泻肠胃之燥热，牵牛、甘遂泻肠胃之
湿热，巴豆、硫黄泻肠胃之寒结。各有定例。至于老人血枯便秘、气虚便难，脾虚腹胀少食
，妇人血枯经闭，阴虚寒热，脾气痞积，肾虚动气，及阴疽色白不起等证，不可妄用，以取
虚虚之祸。
味苦、辛，性寒，无毒。
【发明】地丁有紫花和白花两种。用于治疗疔疮恶肿，兼治痈疽发背及无名肿毒。开紫花的地丁茎秆为白色，开白花的地丁茎秆为紫色，因此可以通用治疗疔疮；也有说法认为应根据疔疮的颜色来选择对应颜色的地丁使用。但是，如果是漫肿无头、不红不肿的情况，则禁用，因为其性寒，不利于阴疽（阴证疮疡）的治疗。
味酸、涩，微毒。
【发明】见肿消专门用于消除痈肿以及狗咬伤，捣碎叶片外贴患处。伤寒余毒发作于耳前耳后时，取一把见肿消，与白芨、白蔹、大黄、大蓟、苎麻根共同捣烂成饼状，加入一钱芒硝和少许白蜜，调和后敷贴，保留疮头（即不封闭伤口），干燥后即更换。
《神农本草经》称其为“黄良”，又名“将军”。
味苦，性寒，无毒。产于四川等地的大黄，色泽如锦纹且质地润泽者为佳品。若需峻猛攻下，应生用。病邪在上部，必须用酒浸泡以引药上行并驱热下行。破瘀血可用韭菜汁炮制。虚劳吐血，体内有瘀积者，用韭菜汁拌炒至黑色后使用。大肠风秘燥结者，可用皂荚、绿矾酒制。又或用尿桶中浸过的方法处理，能散瘀血兼通利水道。妊娠期间及产后慎用，不可轻易使用。若是实热内结，病情危急不容迟缓，可用酒蒸法处理。凡服用大黄，服药期间须与进食谷物时间拉开距离，若摄入谷气则药效不行。
《神农本草经》记载：大黄可下瘀血，治疗血闭、寒热，破除症瘕积聚，清除留饮宿食，荡涤肠胃，推陈出新，通利水谷，调和脾胃消化食物，安和五脏。
【发明】大黄气味浓厚，性质沉降，属纯阴之品，是作用于脾胃、大肠、肝和三焦血分的药物。凡是病在五脏血分者适宜使用。若在气分使用，则是诛伐无辜。其功效专在于行瘀血、导血闭、通积滞、破症瘕、消实热、泻痞满、润燥结、敷肿毒，总归依靠其推陈出新的作用。《神农本草经》与李东垣都认为大黄能去留饮宿食，是因为宿食停滞在中焦，日久发热，故用苦寒之性化热，宿食也顺势而下。后世不明此理，认为大黄一概能消食，这是错误的。因为胃的特性喜温恶湿，温之则宿食融化，寒之则坚滞不消。大黄因其能荡涤肠胃，使食积得以推荡，然后谷气通利，中气调畅，饮食输布转化，五脏才能安和。如果食积在上脘，即使经过发热，只需枳实、黄连来消除痞热，宿食自然通畅。若误用大黄推荡不下，反而导致结滞不消，危害不小。如泻心汤治疗心气不足导致的吐血、衄血，实际上是包络、肝、脾的邪火有余所致，虽然名为泻心，实际上是泻这四经血中的伏火。张仲景治疗心下痞满、按之柔软者，使用大黄黄连泻心汤，这也是泻脾胃的湿热，并非泻心。如果心下痞满又伴有恶寒汗出，说明此人阳气本虚，加附子以温散之。病发于阴证，反而用攻下法，因而造成痞证，这是痰实与邪气乘虚结于心下，所以说泻心，实际上是泻脾。病发于阳证而反用攻下法，则形成结胸，因为阳邪陷入阴分而结于膈上。张仲景的大陷胸汤丸，都用大黄、芒硝来泻血分之邪，并降其浊气。如果结胸在气分，则用小陷胸汤。痞满在气分，则用半夏泻心汤。如果病本是阳邪或兼有停食而攻伐太过，正气耗损，实结不解，想要攻邪，但正气不能推动药力，则在桃核承气汤中加入人参，以助硝黄之势。如陶华所制的黄龙汤，就是前辈的成法。大概大黄、芒硝泻肠胃的燥热，牵牛子、甘遂泻肠胃的湿热，巴豆、硫黄泻肠胃的寒结。各有定例。至于老人血枯便秘、气虚便难，脾虚腹胀少食，妇人血枯经闭，阴虚寒热，脾气痞积，肾虚动气，以及阴疽色白不起等证候，不可妄用，以免招致虚上加虚的祸患。
Bitter, pungent, cold in nature, non-toxic.
[Invention] There are two types of Diding (Viola Yedoensis): purple-flowered and white-flowered. It treats ding sores (carbuncles) and malignant ulcers, and also treats carbuncle back (erysipelas of the back) and unnamed swelling/toxins. The one with purple flowers has a white stem, and the one with white flowers has a purple stem; therefore, they can be used interchangeably to treat ding sores. Some say that one should use the type corresponding to the color of the ding sore. However, if there is diffuse swelling without a head, neither red nor swollen, it is contraindicated because its cold nature is unfavorable for Yin abscesses (Yin-type sores).
Sour, astringent, slightly toxic.
[Invention] Jianshuxiao (Symphytum officinale) specializes in eliminating carbuncles/swellings and dog bites. Crush the leaves and apply externally. For residual toxins from Shanghan (Cold Damage) manifesting around the ears, take one handful of Jianshuxiao, crush it together with Baiji (Bletilla striata), Baidian (Ampelopsis japonica), Dahuang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma), Daji (Cirsii Japonici Herba), and Zhugen (Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam), form into a cake, add one qian of Mangxiao (Natrii Sulfas) and a little white honey, mix and apply, leaving the head of the sore open. Change when dry.
Named "Huangliang" in the *Shennong Bencao Jing*, also known as "Jiangjun" (General).
Bitter, cold in nature, non-toxic. Those produced in Sichuan with colors resembling brocade patterns and moist texture are of good quality. If used for severe purgation, use raw. If pathogenic factors are in the upper part, it must be soaked in wine to guide the medicine upward and drive heat downward. To break blood stasis, process with juice of Chinese chive (Jiucai). For deficiency-wasting with hematemesis and internal blood accumulation, stir-fry with Chinese chive juice until blackened. For wind-constipation and dry binding of the large intestine, process with wine of Gaojia (Gleditsiae Sinensis Fructus Spina) and Lvfan (Chalcanthite). Alternatively, soaking in a urine bucket allows it to scatter blood stasis and promote diuresis. Use with caution during pregnancy and postpartum; do not use lightly. If there is internal accumulation of excess heat where the situation cannot be delayed, use wine-steamed. When taking Dahuang, medication intake must be far apart from grain intake; if grain qi enters, the purgative effect will not work.
The *Shennong Bencao Jing* states: Dahuang eliminates blood stasis, treats blood obstruction and alternating chills and fever, breaks masses and accumulations, clears retained fluids and old food, cleanses the stomach and intestines, pushes out the old to bring forth the new, promotes the free flow of water and grain, harmonizes the middle jiao and transforms food, and calms and harmonizes the five zang organs.
[Invention] Dahuang has strong aroma and flavor, is sinking and pure yin, and acts on the blood aspect of the spleen, stomach, large intestine, liver, and triple burner. It is suitable for diseases located in the blood aspect of the five meridians. Using it in the qi aspect constitutes punishing the innocent. Its function specializes in moving blood stasis, guiding blood closure, unblocking stagnations, breaking masses, clearing excess heat, draining fullness, moistening dryness, applying to swellings/toxins, all relying on its ability to push out the old and bring forth the new. Both the *Shennong Bencao Jing* and Li Dongyuan stated that it removes retained fluids and old food because old food stagnates in the central jiao, generates heat over time, so bitter-cold properties transform the heat, and the old food goes down with the momentum. Later generations did not understand this, mistakenly believing Dahuang generally digests food, which is erroneous. The stomach prefers warmth and dislikes dampness; warming melts old food, while cooling makes it hard and stagnant. Because Dahuang cleanses the stomach and intestines, allowing food accumulation to be pushed away, only then does grain qi flow freely, middle qi becomes smooth, food is transported and transformed, and the five zang organs are harmonized. If food retention is in the upper jiao, even if accompanied by fever, only Zhi Shi (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus) and Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma) are needed to eliminate fullness-heat, and the old food will naturally pass. If Dahuang is mistakenly used and fails to push it down, it causes stagnation that does not resolve, causing significant harm. For example, Xiexin Tang (Heart-Draining Decoction) treats hematemesis and epistaxis due to insufficient heart qi, which is actually due to excess evil fire in the pericardium, liver, and spleen. Although named "draining the heart," it actually drains latent fire in the blood of these four meridians. Zhang Zhongjing treated lower abdominal fullness that was soft upon pressure using Dahuang Huanglian Xiexin Tang; this too drains damp-heat of the spleen and stomach, not the heart. If lower abdominal fullness is accompanied by aversion to cold and sweating, the person's yang qi is originally deficient, so Fuzi (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata) is added to warm and disperse. When disease originates from a yin pattern but is treated with purgation, pi syndrome (fullness) results; this is phlegm-solidity and pathogenic factors combining with deficiency to knot at the lower chest, hence called "draining the heart," but actually draining the spleen. When disease originates from a yang pattern but is treated with purgation, it becomes Jie Xiong (chest-knotting); this is because yang pathogens sink into the yin aspect and knot above the diaphragm. Zhang Zhongjing's Da Xianxiong Tang/Wan (Major Chest-Knotting Decoction/Pill) both use Dahuang and Mangxiao to drain pathogens in the blood aspect and descend turbid qi. If Jie Xiong is in the qi aspect, Xiao Xianxiong Tang (Minor Chest-Knotting Decoction) is used. If Pi Man (fullness) is in the qi aspect, Banxia Xiexin Tang (Pinellia Heart-Draining Decoction) is used. If the disease is originally a yang pathogen or combined with food retention, and attack/treatment is excessive, leading to depletion of healthy qi and unresolved solid knots, intending to attack but healthy qi cannot move the medicinal power, then Renshen (Ginseng Radix) is added to Taohe Chengqi Tang (Peach Kernel Decoction for Preserving Qi) to assist the force of Xiaoshi (Sodium Sulfate) and Dahuang. Such as Tao Hua's Huanglong Tang (Yellow Dragon Decoction), which follows the precedent of predecessors. Generally, Dahuang and Mangxiao drain dry-heat of the stomach and intestines; Qiuniu (Pharbitidis Semen) and Gansui (Kansui Radix) drain damp-heat of the stomach and intestines; Badou (Crotonis Fructus) and Liuhuang (Sulfur) drain cold-binding of the stomach and intestines. Each has fixed indications. As for elderly people with blood-dryness constipation, qi-deficiency difficulty in defecation, spleen-deficiency abdominal distension with poor appetite, women with blood-dryness amenorrhea, yin-deficiency alternating chills and fever, spleen-qi stagnation masses, kidney-deficiency moving qi, and conditions like white-colored Yin abscesses that do not rise, these must not be used recklessly, to avoid the disaster of worsening deficiency with deficiency.