一名当陆，赤者性劣，色白者良
辛寒，有毒。铜刀刮去皮，水浸一宿，或醋炒
，或黑豆拌蒸。用其赤者，服之伤人，令人见鬼。同生水服杀人。
《本经》主水肿疝瘕，痹 ，除痈肿，杀鬼精物。
发明 商陆苦寒伤脾，其性下行利水。《本经》专主水肿，疝瘕等疾，与大戟、甘遂异
性同功，胃气虚弱者不可用。肿满，小便不利者，以赤根捣烂入麝香三分，贴于脐心，以帛
束之，得小便利，即肿消。或以大蒜同白商陆煮汁服，亦治肿疾。仲景治大病后腰以下肿，
牡蛎泽泻散用之，以其病后不堪受邪，故用急迫以散之也。然水肿因脾虚者，若误用之，一
时虽效，未几再发，决不可救。
苦辛寒，大毒。陈者良，醋炒用。出东鲁泰山，与防葵相类。置水沉者为野狼毒，
浮者即防葵也。
《本经》主咳逆上气，破积聚饮食，寒热水气，恶疮鼠 ，疽蚀，鬼精蛊毒，杀飞鸟走
兽。
发明 野狼毒大毒。非恒用之品。《本经》治咳逆上气，惟质实气壮暴咳者宜之。又能破
积聚饮食，寒热水气，以其迅利也。性能杀飞鸟走兽，其治恶疮疽蚀蛊毒，所不待言。《肘
后方》以野狼毒二两、附子半两，治心腹连痛胀急。加旋复蜜丸，日服三丸，治腹中冷痛及两
胁气结，又为散擦恶疮疥癣。愚按∶野狼毒与防葵同根，但质有轻重之别，虽《本经》主治不
同，一皆瞑眩之品，功用亦不甚相远。今野狼毒内有轻浮者，即系防葵无疑，但《本经》条下
有坚骨髓，益气轻身之说。其性善走散，力能攻逐三虫，故有益气轻身之功。《本经》不言
攻虫而攻蛊之用，与野狼毒无异。
商陆，又名当陆。红色的药性较差，白色的品质优良。
味辛、性寒，有毒。需用铜刀刮去外皮，用水浸泡一夜，或者用醋炒制，或者与黑豆拌合后蒸制。如果使用红色的商陆，服用后会伤害人体，使人产生幻觉看到鬼怪。若与水同服，甚至会导致死亡。
《神农本草经》记载其主治水肿、疝气及腹内结块（疝瘕），风湿痹痛，消除痈肿，驱除邪祟精物。
【发明】商陆苦寒之性易损伤脾胃，其药性趋向下行，具有利水消肿的功效。《神农本草经》专门用于治疗水肿、疝气等病症，与大戟、甘遂虽然药性不同但功效相似，胃气虚弱者不可使用。对于身体肿胀、小便不利的患者，可将红色商陆根捣烂，加入三分麝香，贴敷于肚脐中心，并用布带束紧，待小便通畅后，肿胀即可消退。或者将大蒜与白色商陆共同煮汁服用，也能治疗肿胀疾病。张仲景在治疗大病之后腰部以下浮肿时，使用了牡蛎泽泻散并加入商陆，因为病后患者正气虚弱，不堪耐受猛烈攻伐，所以采用急迫之法以消散水饮。然而，如果水肿是由于脾虚引起的，误用商陆，虽然暂时见效，但不久后会再次发作，届时便无法救治了。
野狼毒，味苦、辛，性寒，有大毒。陈久的药材品质较好，需醋炒后使用。产于东鲁泰山一带，外形与防葵相似。放入水中下沉的是野狼毒，浮起的是防葵。
《神农本草经》记载其主治咳嗽气喘，破除饮食积聚以及寒热、水气所致病症，治疗恶疮、鼠瘘（淋巴结核）、疽疮溃烂，驱除邪祟蛊毒，能杀死飞鸟走兽。
【发明】野狼毒毒性极大，不是常规使用的药物。《神农本草经》指出其治疗咳嗽气喘，仅适用于体质坚实、气息壮盛且突发剧烈咳嗽的患者。它又能破除饮食积聚、寒热和水气，因其药力迅捷猛烈。其性能杀死飞鸟走兽，因此治疗恶疮、疽疮溃烂及蛊毒的功效更是不言而喻。《肘后备急方》中使用野狼毒二两、附子半两，治疗心腹部连片疼痛、胀满急迫的症状。若加入旋覆花制成蜜丸，每日服用三丸，可治疗腹中冷痛及两侧胁肋部气机郁结；研成散剂外擦，可治疗恶疮、疥癣。我认为：野狼毒与防葵同出一根，只是质地有轻重之分，虽然《神农本草经》记载的主治功效不同，但二者皆属服用后会引起强烈反应（瞑眩）的药物，功用也不甚相远。如今市面上所谓的野狼毒中有轻浮者，就是防葵无疑。但《神农本草经》条文中提到野狼毒有“坚骨髓，益气轻身”的说法。这是因为其药性善于走散，力量能够攻逐体内寄生虫，所以具有益气轻身的功效。《神农本草经》虽未明确提及攻虫，但其治疗蛊毒的作用，与野狼毒并无二致。
Shanglu (Phytolaccae Radix), also known as Danglu. The red variety has inferior properties, while the white variety is of good quality.
Acrid and cold, toxic. Scrape off the skin with a copper knife, soak in water overnight, or stir-fry with vinegar, or steam with black soybeans. Using the red root harms the body, causing hallucinations of seeing ghosts. Taking it with raw water can be fatal.
The *Shennong Bencao Jing* (Divine Farmer's Materia Medica) states it treats edema, hernia, and abdominal masses (shenjia), bi syndrome (painful obstruction), eliminates carbuncles and swellings, and expels evil spirits and entities.
[Invention] Shanglu's bitter-cold nature damages the spleen; its action descends to promote diuresis. The *Shennong Bencao Jing* specifically addresses edema and hernia, sharing similar efficacy but different properties with Daji (Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix) and Gansui (Kansui Radix). It should not be used by those with weak stomach qi. For patients with swelling and difficulty urinating, mash the red root, mix with 3 fen of Shexiang (Moschus), apply to the center of the umbilicus, and bind tightly with cloth. Once urination becomes smooth, the swelling subsides. Alternatively, boil garlic with white Shanglu and drink the juice to treat swelling diseases. Zhang Zhongjing used it in Muli Zexie San (Oyster and Thunberg Fritillary Decoction) for post-illness edema below the waist, employing urgent methods to dissipate fluid because the patient cannot withstand harsh pathogenic factors after severe illness. However, if edema is caused by spleen deficiency, misusing this herb may yield temporary results, but relapse will occur shortly thereafter, rendering it incurable.
Yelangdu (Stellerae Radix), bitter, acrid, and cold, highly toxic. Aged material is superior; use after vinegar processing. Produced in Mount Tai, Donglu region; resembles Fangkui (Adenophorae Radix). Submerged in water is Yelangdu; floating is Fangkui.
The *Shennong Bencao Jing* states it treats coughing and wheezing, breaks up food stagnation and accumulations, cold-heat water retention, malignant sores, scrofula (shulou), ulcerative lesions, evil spirits, and gu poison, and kills birds and beasts.
[Invention] Yelangdu is highly toxic and not a commonly used herb. According to the *Shennong Bencao Jing*, it treats coughing and wheezing only suitable for patients with solid constitution, robust qi, and sudden violent coughs. It can also break up food stagnation, cold-heat, and water retention due to its rapid and potent action. Its ability to kill birds and beasts implies its efficacy in treating malignant sores, ulcerative lesions, and gu poison. The *Zhouhou Beiji Fang* (Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies) uses 2 liang of Yelangdu and 0.5 liang of Fuzi (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata) to treat continuous pain and distension in the heart and abdomen. When added to Xuanfuhua (Inulae Flos) and made into honey pills, taken three times daily, it treats cold pain in the abdomen and qi stagnation in both hypochondria. As a powder applied externally, it treats malignant sores, scabies, and tinea. I observe that Yelangdu and Fangkui share the same root, differing only in density. Although their indications in the *Shennong Bencao Jing* differ, both are "mingxuan" substances (herbs causing intense reactions before improvement), and their functions are not significantly different. Currently, light and floating specimens sold as Yelangdu are undoubtedly Fangkui. However, the *Shennong Bencao Jing* mentions strengthening bone marrow, benefiting qi, and lightening the body. Its nature favors dispersal, and its strength can attack and expel three types of parasites, thus achieving the effect of benefiting qi and lightening the body. While the *Shennong Bencao Jing* does not explicitly mention expelling worms, its use against gu poison is identical to that of Yelangdu.