辛温无毒。醋炒用。划去酸水作四界者曰莲花青皮，细如豆者为青皮。子中有
小橙，莫能辨别。
发明 青橘皮古方所无，至宋时医家乃用之，入足太阴、厥阴。破滞气，削坚积及小腹
疝疼，用之以疏通二经行其气也。小儿消积多用之。青皮最能发汗，多汗者勿用。久疟热甚
必结癖块，宜多服。清脾饮内有青皮疏利肝邪，则癖自不结也。中气虚人禁用，以其伐肝太
甚而伤生发之气也。
苦温无毒。去壳焙香研碎用。细者为橘核，粗即橙核。
发明 橘核沉降入足厥阴，与青皮同功。故治腰痛 疝在下之病，不独取象于核也。然
惟实证为宜，虚者禁用，以其味苦大伤胃中冲和之气也。
苦平无毒。
发明 橘叶苦平，导胸膈逆气，消乳痈。捣烂和面熨伤寒胸膈痞满。又治肺痈，绞汁一
盏服，吐出脓血愈。
辛苦微寒，无毒。
发明 柑皮产广东化州者最胜。与橘皮虽同为下气之品，然性之温寒各异。故《开宝》
取利肠中热毒，解丹石、止暴渴、利小便，皆取辛寒以散热滞也。世罕知用，惟《千金方》
中用之，云柑皮者即此。
酸寒无毒。
发明 橙性酸寒，方药少用。其鲜者惟杀鱼蟹毒。和盐贮食，止恶心解酒病。 疟寒热
禁食，以其酸寒能滞邪气也。其核治闪挫腰痛，炒研酒服三钱即愈。
【青橘皮】
味辛、性温，无毒。用醋炒制后使用。将表皮划开呈四瓣状如莲花者称为“莲花青皮”，细小如豆粒大小的称为“青皮”。果实内部有小橙子混杂其中，难以辨别。
【发明】
青橘皮在古代方剂中未曾记载，直到宋代医家才开始使用它，主要归入足太阴脾经和足厥阴肝经。它能破除气机阻滞，消除坚硬的积块，以及治疗小腹部疝气疼痛，利用其疏通这两条经络并推动气机运行的作用。小儿消食化积时多使用此药。青橘皮发汗作用最强，多汗者禁止使用。长期患有疟疾且热势严重者，必然形成癖块（腹内结块），适宜多服用。清脾饮中含有青皮以疏利肝邪，则癖块自然不会形成。中气虚弱之人禁用，因为它过于伐伤肝脏，会损伤人体生发之气。
【橘核】
味苦、性温，无毒。去掉外壳，焙干至有香气后研碎使用。细小的为橘核，粗大的即为橙核。
【发明】
橘核性质沉降，入足厥阴肝经，功效与青皮相同。因此用于治疗腰痛及下部疝气等疾病，不仅是因为取象于种子（核）治下焦之病，更因其药性使然。然而，仅适用于实证，虚证禁用，因为其味苦会严重损伤胃中的冲和之气。
【橘叶】
味苦、性平，无毒。
【发明】
橘叶味苦性平，能引导胸膈间逆乱之气下行，消散乳痈。将其捣烂混合面粉，外敷可治疗伤寒引起的胸膈痞满。又可用于治疗肺痈，绞取汁液一盏服用，吐出脓血后即可痊愈。
【柑皮】
味辛、苦，性微寒，无毒。
【发明】
产自广东化州的柑皮品质最佳。虽然与橘皮同为降气之品，但其药性的温与寒各不相同。因此，《开宝本草》取其能清除肠道内的热毒，解丹石类药物引发的毒性，止暴渴，利小便，都是利用其辛寒之性来疏散热滞。世人很少知道使用它，只有《千金方》中使用，文中所说的“柑皮”即指此物。
【橙】
味酸，性寒，无毒。
【发明】
橙的性质酸寒，在方药中较少使用。新鲜的橙子只能用于杀灭鱼蟹的毒素。加盐储存食用，可止恶心、解酒病。疟疾发作时的寒热阶段禁止食用，因为其酸寒之性能导致邪气滞留。其果核可治疗闪挫导致的腰痛，炒研后用酒送服三钱即可痊愈。
[Green Tangerine Peel]
Pungent, warm, non-toxic. Use after stir-frying with vinegar. Those sliced into four sections resembling a lotus flower are called "Lotus Green Peel," while those as small as beans are referred to as "Green Peel." Small oranges may be mixed within the fruit, making them difficult to distinguish.
[Invention/Commentary]
Green tangerine peel was not recorded in ancient formulas; it was first used by physicians during the Song Dynasty. It enters the Foot-Taiyin Spleen and Foot-Jueyin Liver meridians. It breaks up stagnant Qi, reduces hard accumulations, and treats hernia pain in the lower abdomen by unblocking these two meridians and promoting Qi circulation. It is frequently used for pediatric accumulation disorders. Green tangerine peel has the strongest diaphoretic effect; it should be avoided in patients with excessive sweating. For chronic malaria with severe heat, which inevitably leads to the formation of masses (Pi masses), frequent administration is appropriate. Qingpi Yin contains green tangerine peel to soothe Liver pathogenic factors, thereby preventing the formation of masses. It is contraindicated in individuals with deficient Middle Qi, as it excessively attacks the Liver and damages the body's generating Qi.
[Tangerine Seed]
Bitter, warm, non-toxic. Remove the shell, roast until fragrant, and grind before use. The fine ones are tangerine seeds (Juhé), while the coarse ones are orange seeds.
[Invention/Commentary]
Tangerine seed has a sinking and descending nature and enters the Foot-Jueyin Liver meridian, sharing the same efficacy as green tangerine peel. Therefore, it is used to treat lower back pain and hernias affecting the lower body, not merely due to the symbolic correspondence of seeds treating lower jiao diseases, but also due to its pharmacological properties. However, it is suitable only for excess patterns and is contraindicated in deficiency patterns, as its bitter taste severely damages the harmonious Qi of the Stomach.
[Tangerine Leaf]
Bitter, neutral, non-toxic.
[Invention/Commentary]
Tangerine leaf is bitter and neutral; it guides rebellious Qi in the chest and diaphragm downward and dissipates mastitis. When crushed and mixed with flour, it can be applied externally to treat chest and diaphragm fullness caused by Cold Damage (Shanghan). It is also used to treat Lung Abscess (Fei Yong); administering one cup of its expressed juice allows the patient to vomit out pus and blood, leading to recovery.
[Kumquat Peel / Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' Peel]
Pungent, bitter, slightly cold, non-toxic.
[Invention/Commentary]
Kumquat peel produced in Huazhou, Guangdong, is of the highest quality. Although both kumquat peel and tangerine peel are agents that direct Qi downward, their thermal natures differ significantly. Therefore, the *Kaibao Bencao* utilizes it to clear heat toxins in the intestines, resolve toxicity from mineral drugs (Danshi), relieve sudden thirst, and promote urination, all leveraging its pungent-cold nature to disperse heat stagnation. It is rarely known or used in later times; only the *Qianjin Fang* employs it, referring to it as "kumquat peel."
[Orange]
Sour, cold, non-toxic.
[Invention/Commentary]
Orange possesses a sour and cold nature and is seldom used in medical prescriptions. Fresh orange is primarily used to neutralize the toxicity of fish and crab. Stored with salt for consumption, it stops nausea and resolves alcohol intoxication. It is contraindicated during the chills and fever stages of malaria, as its sour and cold nature can cause pathogenic factors to stagnate. Its seed treats lumbar strain and sprain; when roasted, ground, and taken with wine (3 qian), it brings about immediate recovery.