涩平无毒。柿、蟹同食则吐利腹痛，木香可解。
发明 柿之生青，熟赤。生涩，熟甘。浑是阴内阳外之象。独蒂之涩始终不改，故取以
治阴内阳外之病。《济生方》治呃逆，专取柿蒂之涩，以敛内蕴之热。丁香、生姜之辛以
散外郁之寒，深得寒热兼济之妙用。尝考古方中单有用柿蒂以降逆气者，是以丹溪但热以寒
治热之理，而不及从治之法，矫枉过矣。至《三因方》又于《济生方》中加良姜之类，是真
为寒而反助其热乎。其干柿白霜专清肺胃之热，在元气未漓，可胜寒润者，用之固宜。但虚
劳烦嗽喘乏，得此郁闭虚阳，病根日固，与埋薪灰烬何异。
子甘酸，皮涩温无毒。
发明 榴味甘酸，具木火之象，故多食伤肺损齿，而生痰涎，其皮涩温，能治下痢滑脱
。一种小者曰酸石榴，治痢尤捷。《千金》治痢方皆用之酸兼收敛，故能止下痢、漏精、崩
中下血。《丹方》以酸石榴连皮子捣汁入姜茶煎，治寒热利。又久痢用榴皮烧灰，人参汤下
，一钱屡验。榴花曝干研细吹鼻止衄最速，千瓣者更良，功在山茶花之上。
苦辛温，无毒。产粤东新会，陈久者良。阴虚干咳，蜜水制用。妇人乳房壅癖，
醋拌炒用。
《本经》主胸中痰热逆气，利水谷，久服去口臭，下气通神。
发明 橘禀东南阳气而生，故以闽粤者最胜。其逾淮而北则变为枳，此地气使然，与人
之乡音习俗无异。橘之文采焕发于外，故其功用都在于皮，专行脾肺二经气分。《本经》主
治胸中痰热逆气，为消痰运食之要药。留白则补脾胃，去白则理肺气。同人参、白术则补脾
胃。同人参、甘草则补肺。独用则泻肺损脾。其治百病，总是取其理气燥湿之功。同补药则
补，同泻药则泻，同升药则升，同降药则降。脾乃元气之母，肺乃摄气之龠，故为二经气分
药，但随所配而补泻升降也。同生姜则止呕，同半夏则豁痰，同杏仁治大肠气秘，同桃仁治
大肠血秘，皆取其通滞也。橘红专主肺寒咳嗽多痰，虚损方多用之。然久嗽气泄又非所宜。
按∶橘皮下气消痰，其瓤生痰聚饮，一物而性之殊异如此。
涩平无毒。柿子和螃蟹一起食用会导致呕吐、腹泻和腹痛，木香可以解这种毒。
发明：柿子未熟时呈青色，成熟后变红。生吃味涩，熟吃味甘。这完全是阴在内而阳在外的象征。只有柿蒂的涩性始终不变，所以用它来治疗阴在内而阳在外的病证。《济生方》治疗呃逆（打嗝），专门利用柿蒂的涩性，以收敛内部蕴积的热邪。配合丁香、生姜的辛散之性，以疏散外部郁结的寒邪，深得寒热并用的妙用。曾经考证古方中有单用柿蒂来降逆气的，这是依据丹溪先生“热者寒之”的治疗原理，而没有考虑到反治法，这就矫枉过正了。到了《三因方》，又在《济生方》的基础上加入了良姜等药，这真是为了治寒反而助长了热邪。干柿表面的白霜专门清除肺胃的热邪，对于元气尚未耗损、能够耐受寒润药物的人，使用它是适宜的。但是，对于虚劳引起的烦渴、咳嗽、气喘乏力者，服用此物会郁闭虚阳，使病根日益牢固，这与埋藏在灰烬中的柴薪有何区别呢？
子味甘酸，皮涩温，无毒。
发明：石榴味甘酸，具有木火的象意，所以多吃会伤肺、损齿，并生痰涎。它的皮涩温，能治疗下痢滑脱不禁。一种较小的称为酸石榴，治疗痢疾尤其快捷。《千金方》治疗痢疾的方剂都使用它，因为酸味兼有收敛作用，所以能止住下痢、遗精、崩漏和下血。《丹方》用酸石榴连皮带子捣汁，加入姜茶煎服，治疗寒热交作的痢疾。另外，久痢患者将榴皮烧成灰，用人参汤送服，一钱（约3克）往往见效。石榴花晒干研细吹入鼻腔止血最快，千瓣的品种效果更好，功效在山茶花之上。
橘皮苦辛温，无毒。产于广东新会，陈久的品质好。阴虚干咳者，用蜜水炮制后使用。妇人乳房壅塞癖块，用醋拌炒后使用。
《神农本草经》主治胸中痰热逆气，利水谷，久服可去除口臭，下气通神。
发明：橘子禀受东南方的阳气而生，所以福建、广东产的最好。它过了淮河以北就变成枳实，这是地气使然，与人的乡音习俗不同无异。橘子的文采焕发于外，所以它的功用都在皮上，专门运行脾、肺二经的气分。《本经》主治胸中痰热逆气，是消痰运食的重要药物。保留白瓤则补脾胃，去掉白瓤则理肺气。与人参、白术同用则补脾胃。与人参、甘草同用则补肺。单独使用则泻肺损脾。它治疗百病，总是取其理气燥湿的功效。配合补药则起补的作用，配合泻药则起泻的作用，配合升药则起升的作用，配合降药则起降的作用。脾是元气的母亲，肺是摄气的钥匙，所以它是二经气分的药物，但随所配伍的药物不同而产生补、泻、升、降的不同效果。同生姜一起用则止呕，同半夏一起用则豁痰，同杏仁一起用治疗大肠气秘，同桃仁一起用治疗大肠血秘，都是取其疏通滞涩的作用。橘红专门主治肺寒咳嗽多痰，虚损方剂中多用之。然而久咳导致气泄者又不适宜。按语：橘皮下气消痰，而其瓤生痰聚饮，同一物体性质差异竟如此之大。
Astringent, neutral, non-toxic. Consuming persimmons and crabs together causes vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain; *Xiangmu* (Costus Root) can resolve this toxicity.
Invention: Persimmons are green when raw and red when ripe. Raw ones are astringent, while ripe ones are sweet. This is entirely a manifestation of Yin within and Yang outside. Only the calyx of the persimmon retains its astringency throughout, hence it is used to treat diseases characterized by Yin within and Yang outside. *Jisheng Fang* (Prescriptions for Saving Lives) treats hiccup (eructation/inverted stomach qi) specifically utilizing the astringency of the persimmon calyx to consolidate internal accumulated heat. Combined with the acrid dispersing nature of *Dingxiang* (Clove) and *Shengjiang* (Fresh Ginger) to disperse external stagnant cold, it deeply embodies the subtle utility of harmonizing cold and heat. I have examined ancient formulas that use only the persimmon calyx to direct rebellious Qi downward; this relies on Danxi’s principle of treating heat with cold, neglecting the method of contrary treatment, which is an overcorrection. Later, *Sanyin Fang* added *Liangjiang* (Galangal Rhizome) to *Jisheng Fang*, which truly aids heat when intending to treat cold. The white frost on dried persimmons specifically clears heat from the Lung and Stomach; for those whose Yuan Qi has not yet depleted and who can tolerate cold-moistening agents, its use is appropriate. However, for patients with consumptive fever, vexation, cough, asthma, and fatigue, using this will trap deficient Yang, solidifying the root of the disease day by day—what difference is there between this and firewood buried in ashes?
The fruit is sweet and sour; the peel is astringent and warm, non-toxic.
Invention: Pomegranate is sweet and sour, possessing the image of Wood and Fire; thus, excessive consumption damages the Lung and teeth, and generates phlegm-saliva. Its peel is astringent and warm, capable of treating dysentery with sliding incontinence. A smaller variety is called Sour Pomegranate, which is particularly effective for treating dysentery. Formulas in *Qianjin Fang* for treating dysentery all utilize it because the sour flavor combines with astringency, thereby stopping dysentery, spermatorrhea, metrorrhagia, and lower bleeding. *Danfang* uses sour pomegranate flesh and peel crushed into juice, decocted with ginger and tea, to treat dysentery with alternating chills and fever. Furthermore, for chronic dysentery, burning the pomegranate peel to ash and administering it with Ginseng Decoction (one qian, approx. 3g) often yields verified results. Dried pomegranate flowers, ground finely and insufflated into the nose, stop epistaxis most rapidly; the thousand-petaled variety is even better, surpassing the efficacy of Camellia Flower.
Bitter, acrid, warm, non-toxic. Produced in Xinhui, Guangdong East; aged ones are superior. For Yin deficiency with dry cough, process with honey water. For women's breast congestion and masses, stir-fry with vinegar.
*Shennong Bencao Jing* states it treats Phlegm-Heat and rebellious Qi in the chest, promotes digestion of water and grain, removes bad breath with long-term use, directs Qi downward, and unblocks the spirit.
Invention: Tangerine receives the Yang Qi of the Southeast to grow, therefore those from Fujian and Guangdong are the best. When it crosses north of the Huai River, it transforms into Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange); this is due to local climate, just as human accents and customs differ. The tangerine's literary brilliance shines outwardly, so its medicinal function lies primarily in the peel, specifically moving the Qi aspect of the Spleen and Lung meridians. *Bencao Jing* indicates it treats Phlegm-Heat and rebellious Qi in the chest, making it a key herb for resolving phlegm and promoting food transport. Retaining the white pith tonifies the Spleen and Stomach; removing it regulates Lung Qi. Combined with *Renshen* (Ginseng) and *Baizhu* (Atractylodes Macrocephala Rhizome), it tonifies the Spleen and Stomach. Combined with *Renshen* and *Gancao* (Licorice Root), it tonifies the Lung. Used alone, it drains the Lung and damages the Spleen. In treating various diseases, it always utilizes its ability to regulate Qi and dry dampness. Paired with tonics, it tonifies; paired with purgatives, it purges; paired with ascending herbs, it ascends; paired with descending herbs, it descends. The Spleen is the mother of Yuan Qi, and the Lung is the bellows of Qi regulation; thus, it is a herb for the Qi aspect of these two meridians, but its effects of tonification, purgation, ascent, or descent depend on its compatibility. With *Shengjiang* (Fresh Ginger), it stops vomiting; with *Banxia* (Pinellia Tuber), it resolves phlegm; with *Xingren* (Apricot Seed), it treats large intestine Qi constipation; with *Taoren* (Peach Seed), it treats large intestine Blood constipation—all taking advantage of their ability to unblock stagnation. *Juhong* (Red Tangerine Peel) specifically treats lung-cold cough with profuse phlegm and is frequently used in deficiency formulas. However, it is unsuitable for prolonged coughs leading to Qi leakage. Note: The peel directs Qi downward and resolves phlegm, while the pulp generates phlegm and gathers fluids; the properties of this single substance are so divergent.