（本经中品）
【气味】辛温，无毒。
【主治】主风寒洗洗，霍乱，泄痢，肠鸣，上下无常处，惊痫，寒热百疾。
【核】曰∶女菀，即白菀。与紫菀同类，紫白虽异，生成则一也。畏卤咸。
【 】曰∶白菀与紫菀功用，似同而异，紫主寒热气结在中，致病上中及下；白主风寒
寒热，气结在枢，亦病上中及下，兼见内外开阖之象，故上下无尝，内外不定，菀从结枢，
解即分散，则呕逆自开，泄痢自阖，惊痫自平，寒热自除矣。并偏于从枢解表，从枢利小水
也。虽非金郁，设舍假泄金郁之法，亦难以从枢分解耳。
（本经中品）
【气味】苦平，无毒。
【主治】主诸热黄胆，肠 泄痢，逐水，下血闭，恶疮，疽蚀，火疡。
【核】曰∶出川蜀，及河东、陕西，近道亦有。二月生苗，茎干粗如箸子，中空外方，
叶色黄赤，四四作丛而起，花色紫，实色黑，根色黄。一种独茎者，其叶细长而青，两两相
对，花、实、根色则一也。曰子芩根圆；曰条芩，即小根之内实者；破者曰宿芩、曰片芩，
即大根之内虚者，其腹皆烂，故有腐肠、妒妇诸名，谓妒妇心黯，芩腹心黑也。山茱萸、龙
骨为之使。恶葱实，畏丹砂、牡丹、藜芦。得浓朴、黄连止腹痛；得五味子、牡蛎令人有子；
得
先人云∶病从内实为证，诸热为因者，对待能空之芩，则内无实。内无实，则无诸热之
因矣
【 】曰∶黄芩一曰腐肠，一曰内虚，有黄离之象。柔得乎中，体虚而用实也。 中腐，
乃腐化耳。故主腹肠诸热，实满于中，为黄胆 痢，水停血闭失于腐化，反现腐败者，对待
治
（《神农本草经》中品）
【气味】辛，温，无毒。
【主治】主治风寒引起的恶寒战栗，霍乱，腹泻痢疾，肠鸣，病位上下游走不定，惊痫，以及各类寒热病症。
【核】说：女菀，就是白菀。它与紫菀属于同类，虽然紫色和白色不同，但生长生成的特性是一致的。（女菀）畏忌卤咸之味。
【 】说：白菀与紫菀的功效，看似相同实则不同。紫菀主要治疗寒热气结于中焦，导致疾病波及上、中、下三焦；白菀主要治疗风寒寒热，气机郁结在少阳枢机，同样波及上、中、下三焦，兼见内外开阖的征象，所以上下病位无常，内外病情不定。女菀从疏通枢机入手，“解”即分散之意，这样呕吐逆气自然开通，泄泻痢疾自然收敛，惊痫自然平息，寒热自然消除。其作用偏向于通过疏通枢机来解表，通过疏通枢机来通利小便。虽然不属于金郁证，但如果舍弃借用宣发肺气以解金郁的方法，也难以通过疏通枢机来分解病邪。
（《神农本草经》中品）
【气味】苦，平，无毒。
【主治】主治各种热症导致的黄疸，肠道湿热引起的泄痢，逐除水饮，通下血闭，治疗恶疮、疽蚀、火疡。
【核】说：黄芩产于川蜀，以及河东、陕西等地，近道也有出产。二月生苗，茎干粗如筷子，中空外方，叶色黄赤，四片为一丛向上生长，花色紫，果实色黑，根色黄。还有一种独茎的，叶子细长而青，两两相对，花、果实、根的颜色则一样。子芩指圆形的根；条芩，即小根中质地坚实的；破开的称为宿芩、片芩，即大根中内部空虚的，其腹部都已腐烂，所以有“腐肠”、“妒妇”等名称，意思是妒妇心阴暗，黄芩腹心发黑。山茱萸、龙骨作为引经药。畏忌葱实，畏惧丹砂、牡丹、藜芦。配伍厚朴、黄连可止腹痛；配伍五味子、牡蛎可助生育；
前人曾说：病因为内实表现为证候，由各种热症引起的，用能空泄的黄芩对待治疗，则内部无实邪。内部无实邪，就没有各种热症的病因了。
【 】说：黄芩一名腐肠，一名内虚，具有黄离（八卦中的离卦，象征火、中虚）的形象。柔顺得其中正，体虚而用实。中部的腐败，乃是腐化之意。所以主治腹肠的各种热症，如果实邪充满于中，导致黄疸、痢疾，水液停聚、血液闭阻失去腐化功能，反而出现腐败现象的，用黄芩进行对症治
(Middle Category of the *Shennong Bencao Jing*)
[Flavor and Nature] Acrid, warm, non-toxic.
[Indications] Primarily treats chills caused by wind-cold, cholera-like syndrome, diarrhea and dysentery, borborygmus, symptoms wandering up and down without fixed location, convulsive disorders with fright and epilepsy, and various diseases involving alternating cold and heat.
[Analysis] It is stated that: Nüwan (Female Aster Root) is the same as Baiwan (White Aster Root). It belongs to the same category as Ziwan (Purple Aster Root); although purple and white differ, their generation and nature are identical. It fears saline and briny substances.
[Commentary] It is said that: The functions of Baiwan and Ziwan seem similar but are actually different. Ziwan primarily treats qi and heat knotting in the middle jiao, causing disease to affect the upper, middle, and lower jiao; Baiwan primarily treats wind-cold and alternating cold and heat, with qi knotting at the pivot (Shaoyang mechanism), also affecting the upper, middle, and lower jiao, accompanied by signs of opening and closing inside and outside. Thus, the location of symptoms varies up and down, and the condition inside and outside is unstable. Nüwan acts by resolving the pivot knot; "resolving" means dispersing. In this way, vomiting and rebellious qi naturally open, diarrhea and dysentery naturally close, convulsions and epilepsy naturally calm, and cold and heat naturally eliminate. Its action leans towards releasing the exterior through resolving the pivot and promoting urination through resolving the pivot. Although it does not strictly belong to Metal Stagnation, if one discards the method of borrowing lung-qi dispersion to resolve metal stagnation, it would be difficult to decompose the pathogen via the pivot.
(Middle Category of the *Shennong Bencao Jing*)
[Flavor and Nature] Bitter, neutral, non-toxic.
[Indications] Primarily treats various heat-induced jaundice, intestinal damp-heat leading to diarrhea and dysentery, expels fluid retention, promotes menstruation in cases of blood amenorrhea, and treats malignant sores, carbuncles with ulceration, and fire burns.
[Analysis] It is stated that: Huangqin (Scutellaria Root) originates from Sichuan and Shu, Hedong, and Shaanxi regions, and is also found in nearby areas. Seedlings emerge in the second lunar month. The stem is as thick as a chopstick, hollow inside and square outside. The leaves are yellowish-red, growing in clusters of four upwards. The flowers are purple, the seeds are black, and the root is yellow. There is a variety with a single stem, whose leaves are slender and green, growing pairwise opposite each other, while the flowers, seeds, and root color remain the same. Zihuangqin refers to the round root; Tiaohuangqin refers to the solid inner part of small roots; broken pieces are called Suhuangqin or Pianhuangqin, referring to the hollow inner part of large roots, whose interiors are rotted. Hence, it has names such as "Rotting Intestine" and "Jealous Wife," implying that just as a jealous wife has a dark heart, the center of Huangqin is black. Corni Fructus (Cornelian Cherry Fruit) and Longgu (Fossilized Bones) serve as guiding herbs. It conflicts with Congshi (Allium fistulosum fruit) and fears Dansha (Cinnabar), Mudanpi (Tree Peony Bark), and Lilv (Veratrum). When combined with Houpo (Magnolia Bark) and Huanglian (Coptis Rhizome), it stops abdominal pain; when combined with Wuweizi (Schisandra Berry) and Muli (Oyster Shell), it aids fertility.
Ancestors once said: When internal excess manifests as symptoms, and various heats are the cause, using Huangqin, which possesses the property of emptying and draining, counteracts the condition, resulting in no internal excess. With no internal excess, the cause of various heat syndromes is eliminated.
[Commentary] It is said that: Huangqin is also called Rotting Intestine and Internal Deficiency, possessing the imagery of the Li trigram (Fire, characterized by emptiness in the middle). Softness obtains the center; its substance is hollow yet its function is substantial. The rotting in the center signifies transformation and digestion. Therefore, it primarily treats various heat syndromes in the abdomen and intestines. If excess fills the interior, leading to jaundice and dysentery, and fluid retention and blood stasis fail to undergo proper transformation, instead manifesting as putrefaction, Huangqin is used for symptomatic treatment...