（本经中品）
【气味】苦寒，无毒。
【主治】主大风在皮肤中，如麻豆苦痒，除寒热结，止痢，长肌肉，利五脏，益气，轻
身。
【核】曰∶橘逾淮而枳，故江北有枳无橘，江南虽有枳，不及江北者，气全而力浓也。
树如橘而小，叶如橙而刺。春作白花，至秋成实。九、十月采者，曰枳壳。修事用小麦麸拌
炒
【 】曰∶枳以气胜，为剂之宣剂，而枳从只，只起语辞，亦语已辞，宣扬且宣摄矣。
但枳实瓤核未判，性勇而速，枳壳瓤核已分，性详而疏，咸从居中之胃署，横遍身半已内已
外之形层者也。故主大风在身半已外之皮肤，如麻豆苦痒，及寒热结在身半已内之腹肠，而
滞下成利。若主南北之画界分经，以殊方域也。长肌肉轻身者，即宣扬谷味以充形脏。利五
脏益气者，即宣摄谷精以安神藏，顾谷之精与味，莫不起于胃，而已于胃，旨哉只乎。
（只具扬摄，方界南北，实性勇，壳性疏，中央分形层部署。扬摄别谷味谷精，经隧定
起胃
（本经中品）
【气味】苦平，有小毒。
【主治】主惊痫，寒热，热盛狂痉，除邪逐鬼。
【核】曰∶出陇西及晋地，今莱、密、淄、青、 、戎诸州皆有。凡牛生黄，夜或有
光，眼如血色，时复鸣吼，恐惧人，以盆水置牛前，伺其吐出，乃喝迫之，即堕水中取得者。
阴干百日，无令见日月光，一子如鸡子黄大，重叠可折，若百千层，轻虚气香，色光明者佳。
揩摩手黄，透甲者真。雷 云∶黄有四种，一喝迫而得者，曰生神黄；一杀死，从牛角得者，
曰角中黄；一牛病死后，从心中剥得者曰心黄，初在心中，如黄酱汁，取得便投水中，沾水
乃硬，如碎蒺藜，及豆瓣，与帝珠子者是也；一从肝胆中得者，曰肝黄、胆黄，皆不及生黄
为贵。KT 牛黄，坚而不香；又骆驼黄极易得，亦能相乱，不可不审也。修治，单捣细研
如尘，绢裹定，更以黄牛嫩皮，裹悬井中一宿，去水三四尺，明早取用。人参为之使。得牡
丹、菖蒲，利耳目。恶龙骨、龙胆、地黄、尝山、蜚蠊黄嫩牛皮、牛膝、干漆。
缪仲淳先生云∶牛为土畜，得气血之精明，凝结为黄，犹人身之有内丹也。故牛生黄，
则其
先人云∶坤为牛，黄为土，则黄是牛之本命元辰矣。其入肝胆，似云之从龙，风之从虎，
不
【 】曰∶牛土畜，在卦为坤，其色正黄。其理层叠，所谓黄中通理，浓德载物者也。
故能敦土德用，资生草木。盖木必基土，以土为命，如惊痫寒热，狂痉邪鬼，虽从脾土转属，
久则肝木体虚，反欲传克脾土矣。盖五行之理，失制则亢，亢则为害，害所胜耳，法当益土
辅火。黄可入脾，苦可入心，心为肝子，子能助母实也。与金匮要略之治肝虚传脾，先补肝
木，次及心脾之义相合。先因于肝，故先补肝，此则唯从脾土转属，故只益脾土，次及心火
，非从肝始，勿治肝耳。
（金匮要略云∶上工治未病。夫治未病者，见肝之病，知肝传脾；当先实脾；四季脾王
不受邪，即勿补之。中工不晓相传，见肝之病，不解实脾，唯治肝也。夫肝之病，补用酸，
助用焦苦，益用甘味之药调之。酸入肝，焦苦入心，甘入脾；脾能伤肾，肾气微弱，则水不
行。水不行，则心火气盛则伤肺；肺被伤，则金气不行；金气不行，则肝气盛，则肝自愈，
此治肝补脾之要妙也。肝虚则用此法，实则不在用之。详录以备 考。）
【《神农本草经》中品】
【气味】味苦，性寒，无毒。
【主治】主治大风邪侵袭皮肤，出现如麻子、豆子般大小的皮疹且瘙痒难忍，消除寒热互结之证，止住痢疾，促进肌肉生长，通利五脏，补益元气，使身体轻盈。
【考证】曰：橘子越过淮河就变成了枳树，所以江北只有枳树没有橘子，江南虽然有枳树，但药效不如江北的，因为江北的枳气机完整而药力浓厚。
树木像橘子树但较小，叶子像橙子叶且有刺。春天开白花，到秋天结果实。九月、十月采收的，称为枳壳。炮制时用小麦麸皮拌炒。
【按语】曰：枳实以气机作用见长，是方剂中的宣散之剂。“枳”字从“只”，“只”是发语词，也是句末语气词，意为宣扬且宣摄。
但是，枳实瓤和核尚未分离，药性勇猛而迅速；枳壳瓤和核已经分离，药性详细而疏泄。它们都作用于居中的胃腑，横向遍布身体一半以内及一半以外的形体层次。所以主治大风在身半以外皮肤的病症，如麻豆样苦痒，以及寒热互结在身半以内腹肠的病症，导致滞下成痢。这就像划分南北界限来区分经络地域一样。促进肌肉生长、使身体轻盈，就是宣扬谷物的味道以充实形脏（形体脏腑）。通利五脏、补益元气，就是宣摄谷物的精微物质以安神藏（精神脏腑）。看啊，谷物的精与味，无不起源于胃，最终也归于胃，这个“只”字的含义真是深远啊。
（“只”具备扬散与摄纳的作用，方剂界限分明南北，枳实性勇猛，枳壳性疏泄，中央分定形层部署。扬散与摄纳分别针对谷味与谷精，经络隧道确定起于胃。）
【《神农本草经》中品】
【气味】味苦，性平，有小毒。
【主治】主治惊痫，寒热，热盛引起的狂躁痉挛，驱除邪气、驱逐鬼魅。
【考证】曰：产于陇西及晋地，现在莱、密、淄、青、[缺字]、戎等州都有出产。凡是牛产生黄（牛黄），夜里有时会有光，眼睛像血色，时常鸣叫吼叫，使人恐惧。把盆水放在牛前面，观察它吐出，然后喝令逼迫它，它就会堕入水中取得。阴干一百天，不要让见到日月之光，一颗像鸡蛋黄那么大，层层重叠可以折断，若有百千层，轻虚气香，颜色光明的是佳品。用手摩擦手背，黄色透指甲的是真品。雷斅说：黄有四种，一种是通过喝令逼迫得到的，称为生神黄；一种是杀死后从牛角中取得的，称为角中黄；一种是牛病死后，从心中剥取的称为心黄，起初在心中像黄色的酱汁，取得后立即投入水中，沾水后就变硬，像碎蒺藜及豆瓣，与帝珠子是一样的；一种是从肝胆中取得的，称为肝黄、胆黄，都不如生黄珍贵。KT [注：此处疑为衍文或特定版本异体] 牛黄，坚硬而不香；又有骆驼黄极易得到，也容易混淆，不可不仔细辨别。炮制方法：单独捣碎细研如灰尘，用绢布包好，再用黄牛嫩皮包裹悬挂在井中一夜，离水面三四尺，第二天早晨取出使用。人参作为引经药。得到牡丹、石菖蒲，能通利耳目。厌恶龙骨、龙胆草、地黄、常山、蜚蠊、黄嫩牛皮、牛膝、干漆。
缪仲淳先生说：牛是土畜，得到气血的精明，凝结成为黄，就像人身上的内丹一样。所以牛生黄，那么其...
前人云：坤卦代表牛，黄色代表土，那么黄就是牛的本命元辰了。它进入肝胆，好像云跟随龙，风跟随虎...
【按语】曰：牛是土畜，在八卦中属于坤卦，颜色正黄。它的纹理层层重叠，所谓“黄中通理”，具有厚德载物的道理。
所以能够敦厚土德的作用，资助草木生长。大概木必须基于土，以土为生命根本，如惊痫寒热、狂痉邪鬼，虽然从脾土转属而来，时间久了则肝木体虚，反而想要传克脾土了。大概五行的道理，失去制约就会亢盛，亢盛就会产生危害，危害所胜制的脏器，治法应当益土辅火。黄可入脾，苦可入心，心是肝的子脏，子能助母实。这与《金匮要略》治疗肝虚传脾，先补肝木，其次涉及心脾的意义相符合。先前是因为肝，所以先补肝，这里只是从脾土转属而来，所以只益脾土，其次涉及心火，不是从肝开始，不要治疗肝。
（《金匮要略》说：上工治未病。所谓治未病，看到肝的病，知道肝会传脾；应当先实脾；四季脾旺不受邪时，就不要补。中工不懂相传的道理，看到肝的病，不懂得实脾，只治疗肝。肝的病，补用酸味，助用焦苦味，益用甘味药调理。酸入肝，焦苦入心，甘入脾；脾能伤肾，肾气微弱，则水不行。水不行，则心火气盛则伤肺；肺被伤，则金气不行；金气不行，则肝气盛，则肝自愈，这是治肝补脾的要妙之处。肝虚则用此法，实则不在用之。详细记录以备参考。）
(Ben Jing Middle Grade)
[Flavor and Property] Bitter, cold, non-toxic.
[Indications] Primarily treats severe wind pathogens in the skin, presenting as itchy lesions resembling hemp seeds or beans; eliminates cold-heat complex; stops dysentery; promotes muscle growth; benefits the five Zang organs; tonifies Qi; lightens the body.
[Analysis] It is said: When oranges cross the Huai River, they become trifoliate orange (Zhi), hence there are trifoliate oranges but no oranges in the north of the river. Although there are trifoliate oranges in the south, they are inferior to those in the north because their Qi is complete and potency is strong.
The tree resembles an orange tree but is smaller, with leaves like orange leaves and thorns. It bears white flowers in spring and fruits in autumn. Those harvested in the ninth and tenth months are called Zhike (Trifoliate Orange Fruit). For processing, stir-fry with wheat bran.
[Commentary] It is said: Zhishi (Immature Trifoliate Orange Fruit) excels in its Qi-moving action and serves as a dispersing agent in prescriptions. The character "Zhi" (枳) contains "Zhi" (只), which is an interjection or sentence-final particle, implying both dissemination and consolidation.
However, when the pulp and core of Zhishi are not separated, its nature is brave and rapid. When the pulp and core of Zhike are separated, its nature is detailed and diffusing. Both act on the central Stomach organ, spreading horizontally throughout the body layers inside and outside the midline. Thus, it treats severe wind pathogens in the skin outside the midline, such as itchy lesions like hemp seeds or beans, and cold-heat complexes in the intestines inside the midline, leading to dysentery. This is akin to drawing a boundary between North and South to distinguish meridians and regions. Promoting muscle growth and lightening the body refers to disseminating grain flavors to fill the form organs. Benefiting the five Zang organs and tonifying Qi refers to consolidating grain essences to calm the spirit organs. Indeed, the essence and flavor of grains all originate from the Stomach and return to the Stomach. How profound is the meaning of "Zhi"!
("Zhi" possesses both dispersing and consolidating functions; the prescription boundaries distinguish North and South; Zhishi has a brave nature, Zhike has a diffusing nature; the center distributes form layers. Dispersing and consolidating separate grain flavors and grain essences; meridians determine origins from the Stomach.)
(Ben Jing Middle Grade)
[Flavor and Property] Bitter, neutral, slightly toxic.
[Indications] Primarily treats fright epilepsy, cold and heat, manic spasms due to excessive heat, expelling evil spirits and demons.
[Analysis] It is said: Produced in Longxi and Jin regions; currently available in Lai, Mi, Zi, Qing, [missing character], Rong, and other prefectures. Whenever oxen produce Huang (Calculus Bovis), there may be light at night, eyes appear blood-red, and they occasionally roar, frightening people. Place a basin of water in front of the ox, wait for it to vomit, then urge it forcefully, causing it to drop into the water for retrieval. Dry in shade for one hundred days, avoiding sunlight and moonlight. One piece should be as large as a chicken egg yolk, layered and foldable, with hundreds or thousands of layers, light, void, fragrant, and bright in color being the best. Rubbing it on the hand leaves yellow stains that penetrate the fingernails, indicating authenticity. Lei Xiao stated: There are four types of Huang. One obtained by urging/vomiting is called Shengshen Huang; one obtained from the horn after killing the ox is called Jiaozhong Huang; one peeled from the heart after the ox dies of illness is called Xinhuang, initially like yellow sauce in the heart, hardening upon contact with water, resembling broken tribulus seeds or soybean curds, similar to Dizhuzi; one obtained from the liver and gallbladder is called Ganhuang or Danhuang, none of which are as precious as Shengshen Huang. KT Calculus Bovis is hard but not fragrant; additionally, Camel Calculus is easily obtained and can cause confusion, so careful examination is necessary. Processing: Grind alone into fine dust, wrap in silk, then wrap again in young yellow cowhide, suspend in a well overnight, three to four chi above the water level, and use the next morning. Ginseng acts as an assistant. Combined with Mudan (Moutan Cortex) and Changpu (Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma), it benefits the ears and eyes. Adversely reacts with Gulong (Dragon Bone), Longdan (Gentianae Radix), Dihuang (Rehmanniae Radix), Changshan (Dichroae Radix), Feilian (Blatta Orientalis), Huang Neniu Pi (Young Yellow Cowhide), Niuxi (Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix), and Ganqi (Dried Gum Resin of Chinese Terebinth).
Mr. Miu Zhongchun said: The ox is an earth animal, obtaining the clarity of Qi and Blood, condensing into Huang, similar to the internal elixir in the human body. Therefore, when an ox produces Huang...
Predecessors said: Kun represents the ox, yellow represents earth, thus Huang is the ox's original destiny. Entering the Liver and Gallbladder is like clouds following dragons or wind following tigers...
[Commentary] It is said: The ox is an earth animal, corresponding to the Kun trigram, with the color yellow. Its texture is layered, embodying the principle of "yellow within, connecting principles," possessing the virtue of carrying things heavily.
Thus, it can solidify the function of Earth virtue and nourish grasses and trees. Wood must be based on Earth, taking Earth as its life source. Conditions like fright epilepsy, cold and heat, manic spasms, and evil spirits, although originating from Spleen Earth, eventually lead to Liver Wood deficiency, which may counter-attack Spleen Earth. The principle of Five Elements states that loss of control leads to hyperactivity, which causes harm to the controlled element. The method should benefit Earth and assist Fire. Huang enters the Spleen, bitter enters the Heart. The Heart is the child of the Liver; the child can assist the mother to strengthen her. This aligns with the meaning in *Jin Gui Yao Lue* regarding treating Liver deficiency transmitting to Spleen: first tonify Liver Wood, then involve Heart and Spleen. Previously, because the origin was Liver, Liver was tonified first. Here, since it only originates from Spleen Earth transmission, only Spleen Earth is benefited, followed by Heart Fire. It does not start from the Liver, so do not treat the Liver.
(*Jin Gui Yao Lue* states: The superior physician treats disease before it arises. Treating disease before it arises means seeing Liver disease, knowing it will transmit to Spleen; one should first solidify Spleen. If Spleen is prosperous in any season and resists pathogenic factors, do not tonify. The mediocre physician does not understand transmission; seeing Liver disease, failing to solidify Spleen, and only treating the Liver. For Liver disease, tonify with sour, assist with scorched bitter, and benefit with sweet herbs. Sour enters Liver, scorched bitter enters Heart, sweet enters Spleen; Spleen can injure Kidney. If Kidney Qi is weak, Water does not flow. If Water does not flow, Heart Fire becomes excessive and injures Lung; if Lung is injured, Metal Qi does not flow; if Metal Qi does not flow, Liver Qi becomes excessive, and the Liver heals itself. This is the subtlety of treating Liver by benefiting Spleen. Use this method for Liver deficiency, not for excess. Recorded in detail for reference.)